cara menyambung kabel LAN

CARA MENYAMBUNG KABEL LAN RJ45 Kali ini kita akan belajar memasang/membuat kabel LAN sendiri, jadi kita tidak perlu memanggil atau pun membayar teknisi hanya untuk memasang kabel LAN. Siapa tau suatu saat sobat pengen membuat warnet atau setting jaringan kantor, kita sudah bisa mengerjakannya sendiri, tidak perlu membayar mahal para teknisi jaringan tersebut. Adapun peralatan dan bahan bahan yang di butuhkan adalah sebagai berikut : Crimping Tool, pilih yang gerakan penekanannya vertikal, biasanya hasilnya lebih bagus bila dibandingkan yang horizontal (gunanya untuk menjepit kabel ke RJ45). di toko - toko komputer banyak nih di jual mungkin kisaran harganya antara 35rb - 45rb Pilih yang seperti ini : LAN tester (gunanya untuk mengecek kabel, apakah sambungannya sudah benar dan tidak ada yang terputus) ini juga ada kok di jual di toko - toko komputer waktu itu saya beli yang harga 80rb Ini dia penampakannya : Gunting ( gunanya untuk meratakan ujung - ujung kabel LAN tersebut ) nah kalo yang ini minjem sama tukang jahit aza xixi.. Penampakannya seperti ini : Kabel LAN (gunanya, ya... buat nyambungin beberapa PC atau swicth hub) nih harganya yang biasa kisaran 3000/mtr tapi kalo yang category 6 mau 10rban/mtr xixi.. tinggal pilih mau beli yang kek gimana Penampakkannya seperti ini : Dan yang terakhir Plug RJ45 ( gunanya untuk di colokin di hub atau di PC ) kalo ini kisaran harganya yang sedang sekitar 2500/pc tapi kalo yang murahan kisaran 500/pc Penampakannya seperti ini : Kalo uda di siapin semua bahan dan peralatannya tinggal kita sambungin. Caranya adalah sebagai berikut : Potong Kabel sesuai ukuran yang sobat inginkan kupas kulit luarnya sekitar 1cm dan rapikan ujung kabel - kabel tersebut Susun kabel - kabel kecil di dalamnya dengan urutan seperti gambar di bawah ini Susunan Stright ( digunakan untuk menyambung PC to HUB ) Orange Putih Orange Hijau Putih Biru Biru Putih Hijau Coklat Putih Coklat Dan ujung yang satunya juga persis sama Susunan Cross ( digunakan untuk menyambung PC to PC atau Hub to Hub ) Orange Putih Orange Hijau Putih Biru Biru Putih Hijau Coklat Putih Coklat Sedangkan ujung satunya lagi urutannya seperti ini Hijau Putih Hijau Orange Putih Biru Biru Putih Orange Coklat Putih Coklat 4. Jika sudah selesai semua kabel di pasang dan di jepit Pake Tang Crimping silakan di cek pake LAN tester. Jika memakai sistem stright maka lampu 1 sampai 8 harus hidup semua 1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 3 4 = 4 5 = 5 6 = 6 7 = 7 8 = 8 Dan jika memakai sistem cross maka lampu yang menyala sbb : 1 = 3 2 = 6 3 = 1 4 = 4 5 = 5 6 = 2 7 = 7 8 = 8 Nah demikianlah teknik memasang/membuat kabel LAN sendiri, mudah bukan?? xixi... namun semua itu intinya kalo kita uda punya alatnya dan berani untuk mencoba, mudah - mudahan bisa. Semoga sedikit apa yang saya tuangkan disini bisa bermanfaat buat sobat bloger khususnya mereka yang pengen bikin kabel Lan sendiri. selamat Berkreasi..

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belajar blog

Panduan Belajar Blog panduan lengkap belajar seputar dunia blogging Home About Blogging SEO Bisnis Online Tips Menulis Free Template Contact Cara Daftar Feedburner Cara Daftar Feedburner Daftar Feedburner – Feedburner merupakan salah satu produk milik Google. Feedburner adalah layanan ... Baca selengkapnya » 0 komentar Label: pernak-pernik blog Cara Daftar Liberty Reserve Cara Daftar Liberty Reserve Daftar Liberty Reserve – Liberty Reserve merupakan salah satu rekening online terkemuka. Liberty Re... Baca selengkapnya » 1 komentar Label: bisnis online Cara Pasang Meta Tag Pada Blog Cara Pasang Meta Tag Pada Blog Pasang Meta Tag – Meta Tag merupakan kode yang digunakan untuk memudahkan mesin pencari dalam menam... Baca selengkapnya » 0 komentar Label: seo Perbedaan Blog dan Website Perbedaan Blog dan Website Beda Blog dan Website – Blog atau weblog dan website merupakan media yang dapat kita gunakan untuk m... Baca selengkapnya » 3 komentar Label: blog Cara Daftar Adfly Cara Daftar Adfly Daftar Adfly – Adfly merupakan salah satu situs URL shortner yang populer. Selain dapat memperpend... Baca selengkapnya » 4 komentar Label: bisnis online Perbandingan Splog dan Blog Spam Perbandingan Splog dan Blog Spam Perbandingan Splog dan Blog Spam – Splog dan Blog Spam adalah dua blog yang diindikasi mengandung ... Baca selengkapnya » 0 komentar Label: blog

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layanan fasilitas internet

1. PENGERTIAN, MANFAAT DAN FASILITAS INTERNET A. PENGERTIAN INTERNET Internet dapat diartikan sebagai jaringan komputer luas dan besar yang mendunia, yaitu menghubungkan pemakai komputer dari suatu negara ke negara lain di seluruh dunia, dimana di dalamnya terdapat berbagai sumber daya informasi dari mulai yang statis hingga yang dinamis dan interaktif. B. MANFAAT INTERNET Secara umum ada banyak manfaat yang dapat diperoleh apabila seseorang mempunyai akses ke internet. Berikut ini sebagian dari apa yang tersedia di internet: (1) Informasi untuk kehidupan pribadi : kesehatan, rekreasi, hobby, pengembangan pribadi, rohani, sosial. (2) Informasi untuk kehidupan profesional/pekerja : sains, teknologi, perdagangan, saham, komoditas, berita bisnis, asosiasi profesi, asosiasi bisnis, berbagai forum komunikasi. Satu hal yang paling menarik ialah keanggotaan internet tidak mengenal batas negara, ras, kelas ekonomi, ideologi atau faktor faktor lain yang biasanya dapat menghambat pertukaran pikiran. Internet adalah suatu komunitas dunia yang sifatnya sangat demokratis serta memiliki kode etik yang dihormati segenap anggotanya. Manfaat internet terutama diperoleh melalui kerjasama antar pribadi atau kelompok tanpa mengenal batas jarak dan waktu. Untuk lebih meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia di Indonesia, sudah waktunya para profesional Indonesia memanfaatkan jaringan internet dan menjadi bagian dari masyarakat informasi dunia. C. FASILITAS/LAYANAN PADA INTERNET 1. BROWSING/SURFING : sebuah layanan pada internet yang berfungsi untuk menampilkan suatu situs/website guna mencari suatu informasi. Program yang digunakan untuk browsing/surfing adalah Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape Navigator. Untuk melakukan browsing harus mengetik alamat website pada address. Misalnya : www.detik.com, www.rotten. com, www.invir.com, www.puspendik.com, www.plasa.com, www.geocities.com, www.yahoo.com 2. EMAIL (Electronic Mail) sebuah layanan untuk pengiriman surat elektronik. Untuk mengirim email kita harus mempunyai email (mailbox). Untuk membuat mailbox melalui website tertentu yang menyediakan layanan tersebut. Yahoo.com, plasa.com, telkom.net, doramail.com, dll. 3. MAILING LIST sering disebut dengan milis, yaitu layanan internet sebagai pengembang an dari email yang difungsikan untuk berdiskusi. Melalui milis kita dapat menyampaikan pengumuman seperti lomba pidato, olimpiade math, science, artikel menarik, dll. Setiap email yang dikirim akan disampaikan kepada seluruh anggota shg mendapatkan informasi. Untuk mendapatkan layanan milis kita dapat memanfaatkan fasilitas yang disediakan oleh www.yahoogroups.com 4. INTER RELAY CHAT (CHATTING) adalah fasilitas yang diguna kan untuk melakukan perbincangan atau bercakap-cakap melalui internet menggunakan teks atau sering disebut dengan chatting. 5. NEWSGROUP adalah aplikasi internet yang berfungsi untuk berkomunikasi antara satu dgn yg lain guna membahas suatu topik dalam sebuah forum. Grup-grup akan menjadi sarana pertemuan jarak jauh secara elektronik. Contoh : diskusi tentang Indonesia alt.culture.indonesia, soc.culture.indonesia; tentang internet alt.internet; tentang serial tv : alt.tv.x-file, alt.tv.xena, tentang hobi : alt.filateli.rec.collection.stamps 6. FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) adalah fasilitas untuk mengi rim suatu file yang disertakan melalui email. File yang dikirim dapat berupa file naskah (word), gambar, animasi, musik dll. 7. TELECONFERENCE adalah fasilitas internet yang juga digunakan untuk berbincang-bincang dengan cara yang kompleks yaitu mulai dari suara hingga gambar, shg seolah-olah kita dapat langsung berhadapan dengan lawan bicara. Fasilitas ini merupakan pengembangan dari chatting. Komputer yang digunakan untuk teleconfe-rence harus dilengkapi dengan web camera, sound card, tv tuner, VoIP. Fasilitas ini sangat cocok untuk melakukan rapat atau perte-muan jarak jauh karena bisa saling memandang dan mendengar secara langsung. 8. INTERNET TELEPHONY yaitu fasilitas untuk berkomunikasi dgn suara melalui internet menggunakan pesawat telepon. Pulsa yang dibayar sama dengan pulsa internet walapun dilakukan secara SLJJ atau SLI. Software yang digunakan untuk telephony adalah Net2phone, buddytalk, media ring talk dll. 9. INTERNET FAX Internet juga dapat digunakan untuk mengirim faximili yang secara umum dilakukan melalui mesin faksimili. Biaya yang dibebankan adalah biaya lokal atau sama dengan internet. Fasilitas ini sangat mempermudah para sekretaris perusahaan untuk mengirim faksimili dalam jumlah yang banyak.

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cara menyambung internet

CARA MENGGUNAKAN-SETING-MENYAMBUNG KONEKSI INTERNET TELKOMNET INSTAN DENGAN SAMBUNGAN TELPON RUMAH Telkomnet instan merupakan salah satu jenis layanan dari PT. Telkom Indonesia dalam hal koneksi sambungan internet. Telkomnet instan bias digunakan oleh semua pelanggan Telkom baik dari telepon rumah atau dari telpon nirkabel Telkom fleksi cdma. Kecepatan maksimum yang dimiliki telkomnet instan ini adalah 56 kbps (kilo byte per detik) Syarat agar dapat menikmati layanan yang mudah, cepat, hemat dan efektif ini terlebih dahulu kita harus menyiapkan beberapa perangkat sebagai berikut: Sebuah PC (Komputer) atau Laptop (Notebook) yang berfungsi dengan baik. Modem dial up untuk jack kabel telepon biasa baik yang internal maupun yang eksternal (driver modem jangan lupa)à driver dibutuhkan untuk penginstalan ke PC atau Laptop. Umumnya untuk PC atau laptop sekarang sudah tersedia modem dial up, jadi bagi laptop atau PC-nya yang suda tersedia langsung saja menuju ke poin 4. Kabel sambungan telpon Telkom yang masih aktif Seting dasar untuk koneksi ke server telkomnet instan. Klik Start > Control Panel. Open Internet Options akan muncul Box Internet Properties. Pada Internet Properties klik tabs Connection. Klik Add… pada Dial-up and Virtual Private Network Setting. Pada Box New Connection Wizard Check radio di Dial-up to private network, klik next. Pilih lokasi dan nama Modem yang tersedia, misalnya : Modem – Agere System HDA Modem (COM3), klik Next. Masukkan Phone number Telkomnet instan 0809 8 9999, klik Next. Pada Type name you want for this connection, isikan: telkomnet@instan, klik finish. Setelah klik finish otomatis akan membuka box Dial-up Connection Setting Beri tanda check di Automatically detect setting. Pada dial-up setting masukkan user name : telkomnet@instan dan password: telkom untuk domain dikosongkan saja. Klik OK Sebelum membuka internet explore terlebih dahulu coneksikan sambungan telpon telkom; Start > Control menu > Network Connectios > Klik icon telkom.net Tunggu sampai benar-benar tersambung dan finish Selamat mencoba.!!!!!!

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kecepatan internet

Kecepatan akses internet Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Ini adalah versi yang telah diperiksa dari halaman initampilkan/sembunyikan detail Langsung ke: navigasi, cari Kecepatan akses internet adalah kecepatan transfer data pada saat melakukan akses melalui jalur internet. Terdapat dua macam kecepatan akses internet, yaitu downstream dan upstream. Downstream merupakan kecepatan pada saat kita mengambil data – data dari server internet ke komputer kita. Misalnya, saat kita masuk ke search engine, browsing, dan lain – lain. Adapun upstream adalah kecepatan transfer data yaitu saat kita mengirimkan data dari komputer ke server. Baik downstream maupun upstream memiliki satuan kecepatan transfer data yaitu bps bit per sekon. Artinya, banyaknya bit data yang dipindahkan dari satu komputer ke komputer lain tiap detiknya. Kecepatan akses internet dihitung dari jumlah data yang dikirim dalam satuan waktu. Jika kita mengirim 1kb file/detik, berarti kita telah mengirim 1.000 byte, dengan 1 byte = 8 bit maka data yang dikirim sama dengan 8.000 bit = 8 kbps kilo bit per sekon. Untuk satuan yang lebih besar mengggunakan Mbps mega bit per sekon berarti 1000 kbps. Daftar isi 1 Komponen 1.1 Register 1.2 RAM 1.3 Sistem Clock 1.4 Bus 1.5 Cache Memory 2 Jenis Kecepatan Akses Internet 2.1 Dial – Up 2.2 DSL 2.3 GPRS 2.4 3G 2.5 HSPA 2.6 Wireless LAN 2.7 Broadband 3 Referensi Komponen Ada beberapa komponen yang dapat memengaruhi kecepatan pemrosesan, antara lain : Register CPU berisi area memori kecil yang disebut register. Fungsinya untuk menyimpan data dan instruksi saat pemrosesan. Ukuran register (disebut juga word size) menentukan jumlah data yang dapat dipakai oleh komputer pada satu waktu . Pada saat ini kebanyakan PC (Personal Computer) memiliki register 32 bit, artinya CPU dapat memproses 4 bit data tiap waktu. RAM Jumlah RAM pada PC dapat memengaruhi kecepatan sistem . Makin banyak RAM pada PC, makin banyak program dan instruksi yang bisa disimpan di memori, dan jauh lebih cepat daripada disimpan di hard disk. Apabila PC tidak cukup memiliki memori untuk menjalankan program , data akan dipindahkan sementara ke hard disk (proses ini disebut swapping) dan hal ini akan menurunkan kinerja komputer. Sistem Clock Sistem Clock dalam computer menetapkan kecepatan CPU menggunakan Kristal quartz yang bergetar. Satu gerakan clock adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh transistor untuk mematikan transistor kemudian menyalakannya kembali. Hal ini disebut clock cycle, yang diukur dalam Hertz . Jika sebuah komputer memiliki kecepatan 300 MHz, artinya sistem clock berdetak 300 juta kali/ detik. Bus Bus yaitu jalur antara komponen – komponen pada komputer. Data dan instruksi berjalan pada jalur ini. Lebar jalur data dapat memengaruhi berapa banyak bit yang dapat ditransmisikan antar komponen komputer. Cache Memory Cache Memory adalah memori berkecepatan tinggi yang menyimpan data dan instruksi terkini yang sudah diload oleh CPU. Cache lebih cepat daripada memori biasa, dan sangat memengaruhi kinerja komputer. Ada dua jenis cache memory, yaitu Level-1 (L1) dan cache eksternal yang disebut Level -2 (L2). Jenis Kecepatan Akses Internet Kecepatan akses akan sangat bergantung pada teknologi jaringan di sekitar jarak dan jarak / kondisi lingkungan saat koneksi internet dilakukan. Adanya perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi saat ini memungkinkan kita dapat mengoneksikan komputer dengan internet melalui beberapa cara. Terdapat beberapa pilihan tipe / jenis kecepatan internet yang dapat digunakan. Berikut adalah kecepatan internet sesuai dengan saluran yang dipilih Dial – Up Jaringan telepon sudah merambah makin luas, sehingga kita dapat mengoneksikan komputer dengan internet. Cara menghubungkan komputer ke internet menggunakan kabel telepon sering disebut Dial – Up. Dial-Up melalui jalur PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) akan menghubungkan kita ke ISP Telkom. Koneksi ke Dial-Up ini umumnya digunakan pribadi-pribadi yang ingin menghubungkan internet dari rumah. Komputer yang digunakan biasanya komputer tunggal (bukan merupakan jaringan komputer). Kecepatan akses internet menggunakan Dial-Up dapat mencapai maksimal dengan kecepatan 56 Kbps. DSL Asymetric Digital Subcriber Line (ADSL) adalah suatu teknologi modem yang bekerja pada frekuensi 34 kHz – 1.104 kHz. Inilah penyebab utama perbedaan kecepatan transfer data antara modem dan ADSL dengan modem konvensional yang bekerja pada frekuensi kurang dari 4 kHz . Keunggulan ADSL yaitu memberikan kemampuan akses internet berkecepatan tinggi dan suara / fax secara simultan (di sisi pelanggan dengan menggunakan splitter untuk memisahkan saluran telepon dan saluran modem). GPRS GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), adalah komunikasi data dan suara yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan gelombang radio. GPRS memiliki kemampuan untuk mengkomunikasikan data dan suara pada saat alat komunikasi bergerak (mobile). Sistem GPRS dapat digunakan untuk transfer data (dalam bentuk paket data yang berkaitan dengan e-mail, data gambar (MMS), dan penelusuran (browsing) internet. Layanan GPRS dipasang pada jenis ponsel tipe GSM dan IS-136, meskipun jaringan GPRS saat ini terpisah dari GSM dalam teorinya GPRS menjanjikan kecepatan mulai 56 kbps – 115 kbps, sehingga memungkinkan akses internet , serta pengiriman data multimedia ke komputer, notebook dan handheld komputer. 3G 3G adalah third generation technology yang mengacu kepada perkembangan teknologi telepon nirkabel (wireless). 3G sebagai sebuah solusi nirkabel yang bisa memberikan kecepatan akses : Sebesar 144 kbps untuk kondisi gerak cepat (mobile) Sebesar 384 kbps untuk kondisi berjalan (pedestrian) Sebesar 2 Mbps untuk kondisi static di suatu tempat HSPA High Speed Packet Acsess merupakan hasil pengembangan teknologi 3G gelombang pertama Release 99 (R99) sehingga HSPA mampu bekerja jauh lebih cepat bila dibandingkan dengan koneksi R99. Terkait jaringan CDMA ; HSPA dapat disejajarkan dengan Evolution Data Optimized (Ev-Do) yang merupakan perkembangan dari CDMA 2000. Jaringan HSPA sebagian besar tersebar pada spectrum 1.900 MHz dan 2.100 MHz namun beberapa berjalan pada 850 MHz . Spektrum yag lebih besar digunakan karena operator dapat menjangkau area yang lebih luas serta kemampuannya untuk refarming dan realokasi spectrum UHF. HSPA menyediakan kecepatan transmisi data yang berbeda dalam arus data turun (downlink) HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) dan dalam arus naik (uplink) HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access), terkait standar pengembangan yang dilakukan Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) perkembangan lanjutan HSPA dapat semakin memudahkan akses ke dunia maya karena serat fitur rapi dan canggih sehingga dapat mengurangi biaya transfer data per mega bit. Wireless LAN Teknologi Wireless LAN bekerja dengan menggunakan gelombang radio . Awalnya teknologi ini didesain untuk aplikasi perkantoran dalam ruangan. Namun , sekarang Wireless LAN dapat digunakan pada jaringan peer to peer dalam ruangan dan juga point to point di luar ruangan maupun point to multipoint pada aplikasi bridge. Wireless LAN didesain sangat modular dan fleksibel. Jaringan ini juga bisa dioptimalkan pada lingkungan yang berbeda, dapat mengatasi kendala geografis dan rumitnya instalasi kabel. 60000kbps Broadband Teknologi internet broadband secara umum didefinisikan sebagai jaringan atau servis internet yang memiliki kecepatan transfer yang tinggi karena lebar jalur data yang besar. Kecepatan transfer yang biasa dijanjikan oleh servis broadband sampai sekitar 128 kbps atau lebih. Jaringan Broadband dapat digunakan oleh banyak kalangan, mulai dari pelajar, pehobi game, sampai dengan kantor – kantor kecil dan kantor cabang yang ingin memiliki koneksi dengan kantor pusatnya yang mrmiliki kecepatan yang cukup tinggi. Teknologi broadband yang paling umum digunakan di Indonesia untuk menghubungkan koneksi internet untuk anda adalah teknologi DSL, teknologi cable dan fixed wireless. Masing – masing media memliki kekurangan dan kelebihan tersendiri.

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sejarah internet

[tutup] Sejarah Internet Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Langsung ke: navigasi, cari Ada usul agar artikel atau bagian ini digabungkan dengan Internet. (Diskusikan) Internet merupakan jaringan komputer yang dibentuk oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1969, melalui proyek ARPA yang disebut ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), di mana mereka mendemonstrasikan bagaimana dengan hardware dan software komputer yang berbasis UNIX, kita bisa melakukan komunikasi dalam jarak yang tidak terhingga melalui saluran telepon. Proyek ARPANET merancang bentuk jaringan, kehandalan, seberapa besar informasi dapat dipindahkan, dan akhirnya semua standar yang mereka tentukan menjadi cikal bakal pembangunan protokol baru yang sekarang dikenal sebagai TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Tujuan awal dibangunnya proyek itu adalah untuk keperluan militer. Pada saat itu Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat (US Department of Defense) membuat sistem jaringan komputer yang tersebar dengan menghubungkan komputer di daerah-daerah vital untuk mengatasi masalah bila terjadi serangan nuklir dan untuk menghindari terjadinya informasi terpusat, yang apabila terjadi perang dapat mudah dihancurkan. Pada mulanya ARPANET hanya menghubungkan 4 situs saja yaitu Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, di mana mereka membentuk satu jaringan terpadu pada tahun 1969, dan secara umum ARPANET diperkenalkan pada bulan Oktober 1972. Tidak lama kemudian proyek ini berkembang pesat di seluruh daerah, dan semua universitas di negara tersebut ingin bergabung, sehingga membuat ARPANET kesulitan untuk mengaturnya. Oleh sebab itu ARPANET dipecah manjadi dua, yaitu "MILNET" untuk keperluan militer dan "ARPANET" baru yang lebih kecil untuk keperluan non-militer seperti, universitas-universitas. Gabungan kedua jaringan akhirnya dikenal dengan nama DARPA Internet, yang kemudian disederhanakan menjadi Internet. Daftar kejadian penting Tahun Kejadian 1957 Uni Soviet (sekarang Rusia) meluncurkan wahana luar angkasa, Sputnik. 1958 Sebagai buntut dari "kekalahan" Amerika Serikat dalam meluncurkan wahana luar angkasa, dibentuklah sebuah badan di dalam Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), yang bertujuan agar Amerika Serikat mampu meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi negara tersebut. Salah satu sasarannya adalah teknologi komputer. 1962 J.C.R. Licklider menulis sebuah tulisan mengenai sebuah visi di mana komputer-komputer dapat saling dihubungkan antara satu dengan lainnya secara global agar setiap komputer tersebut mampu menawarkan akses terhadap program dan juga data. Pada tahun ini juga RAND Corporation memulai riset terhadap ide ini (jaringan komputer terdistribusi), yang ditujukan untuk tujuan militer. Awal 1960-an Teori mengenai packet-switching dapat diimplementasikan dalam dunia nyata. Pertengahan 1960-an ARPA mengembangkan ARPANET untuk mempromosikan "Cooperative Networking of Time-sharing Computers", dengan hanya empat buah host komputer yang dapat dihubungkan hingga tahun 1969, yakni Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Santa Barbara, dan University of Utah. 1965 Istilah "Hypertext" dikeluarkan oleh Ted Nelson. 1968 Jaringan Tymnet dibuat. 1971 Anggota jaringan ARPANET bertambah menjadi 23 buah node komputer, yang terdiri atas komputer-komputer untuk riset milik pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan universitas. 1972 Sebuah kelompok kerja yang disebut dengan International Network Working Group (INWG) dibuat untuk meningkatkan teknologi jaringan komputer dan juga membuat standar-standar untuk jaringan komputer, termasuk di antaranya adalah Internet. Pembicara pertama dari organisasi ini adalah Vint Cerf, yang kemudian disebut sebagai "Bapak Internet" 1972-1974 Beberapa layanan basis data komersial seperti Dialog, SDC Orbit, Lexis, The New York Times DataBank, dan lainnya, mendaftarkan dirinya ke ARPANET melalui jaringan dial-up. 1973 ARPANET ke luar Amerika Serikat: pada tahun ini, anggota ARPANET bertambah lagi dengan masuknya beberapa universitas di luar Amerika Serikat yakni University College of London dari Inggris dan Royal Radar Establishment di Norwegia. 1974 Vint Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempublikasikan spesifikasi detail protokol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) dalam artikel "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection". 1974 Bolt, Beranet & Newman (BBN), pontraktor untuk ARPANET, membuka sebuah versi komersial dari ARPANET yang mereka sebut sebagai Telenet, yang merupakan layanan paket data publik pertama. 1977 Sudah ada 111 buah komputer yang telah terhubung ke ARPANET. 1978 Protokol TCP dipecah menjadi dua bagian, yakni Transmission Control Protocol dan Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). 1979 Grup diskusi Usenet pertama dibuat oleh Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, alumni dari Duke University dan University of North Carolina Amerika Serikat. Setelah itu, penggunaan Usenet pun meningkat secara drastis. Pada tahun ini pula, emoticon diusulkan oleh Kevin McKenzie. Awal 1980-an Komputer pribadi (PC) mewabah, dan menjadi bagian dari banyak hidup manusia. Tahun ini tercatat ARPANET telah memiliki anggota hingga 213 host yang terhubung. Layanan BITNET (Because It's Time Network) dimulai, dengan menyediakan layanan e-mail, mailing list, dan juga File Transfer Protocol (FTP). CSNET (Computer Science Network) pun dibangun pada tahun ini oleh para ilmuwan dan pakar pada bidang ilmu komputer dari Purdue University, University of Washington, RAND Corporation, dan BBN, dengan dukungan dari National Science Foundation (NSF). Jaringan ini menyediakan layanan e-mail dan beberapa layanan lainnya kepada para ilmuwan tersebut tanpa harus mengakses ARPANET. 1982 Istilah "Internet" pertama kali digunakan, dan TCP/IP diadopsi sebagai protokol universal untuk jaringan tersebut. Name server mulai dikembangkan, sehingga mengizinkan para pengguna agar dapat terhubung kepada sebuah host tanpa harus mengetahui jalur pasti menuju host tersebut. Tahun ini tercatat ada lebih dari 1000 buah host yang tergabung ke Internet. 1986 Diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang sekarang dikenal dengan DNS (Domain Name System) yang berfungsi untuk menyeragamkan sistem pemberian nama alamat di jaringan komputer. Kejadian penting lainnya Tahun 1971, Ray Tomlinson berhasil menyempurnakan program e-mail yang ia ciptakan setahun yang lalu untuk ARPANET. Program e-mail ini begitu mudah sehingga langsung menjadi populer. Pada tahun yang sama, ikon "@" juga diperkenalkan sebagai lambang penting yang menunjukkan “at” atau “pada”. Tahun 1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET mulai dikembangkan ke luar Amerika Serikat. Komputer University College di London merupakan komputer pertama yang ada di luar Amerika yang menjadi anggota jaringan Arpanet. Pada tahun yang sama, dua orang ahli komputer yakni Vinton Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempresentasikan sebuah gagasan yang lebih besar, yang menjadi cikal bakal pemikiran internet. Ide ini dipresentasikan untuk pertama kalinya di Universitas Sussex. Hari bersejarah berikutnya adalah tanggal 26 Maret 1976, ketika Ratu Inggris berhasil mengirimkan e-mail dari Royal Signals and Radar Establishment di Malvern. Setahun kemudian, sudah lebih dari 100 komputer yang bergabung di ARPANET membentuk sebuah jaringan atau network. Pada 1979, Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, menciptakan newsgroups pertama yang diberi nama USENET. Tahun 1981 France Telecom menciptakan gebrakan dengan meluncurkan telpon televisi pertama, dimana orang bisa saling menelpon sambil berhubungan dengan video link. Karena komputer yang membentuk jaringan semakin hari semakin banyak, maka dibutuhkan sebuah protokol resmi yang diakui oleh semua jaringan. Pada tahun 1982 dibentuk Transmission Control Protocol atau TCP dan Internet Protokol atau IP yang kita kenal semua. Sementara itu di Eropa muncul jaringan komputer tandingan yang dikenal dengan Eunet, yang menyediakan jasa jaringan komputer di negara-negara Belanda, Inggris, Denmark dan Swedia. Jaringan Eunet menyediakan jasa e-mail dan newsgroup USENET. Untuk menyeragamkan alamat di jaringan komputer yang ada, maka pada tahun 1984 diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang kini kita kenal dengan DNS atau Domain Name System. Komputer yang tersambung dengan jaringan yang ada sudah melebihi 1000 komputer lebih. Pada 1987 jumlah komputer yang tersambung ke jaringan melonjak 10 kali lipat manjadi 10.000 lebih. Tahun 1988, Jarko Oikarinen dari Finland menemukan dan sekaligus memperkenalkan IRC atau Internet Relay Chat. Setahun kemudian, jumlah komputer yang saling berhubungan kembali melonjak 10 kali lipat dalam setahun. Tak kurang dari 100.000 komputer kini membentuk sebuah jaringan. Tahun 1990 adalah tahun yang paling bersejarah, ketika Tim Berners Lee menemukan program editor dan browser yang bisa menjelajah antara satu komputer dengan komputer yang lainnya, yang membentuk jaringan itu. Program inilah yang disebut www, atau World Wide Web. Tahun 1992, komputer yang saling tersambung membentuk jaringan sudah melampaui sejuta komputer, dan pada tahun yang sama muncul istilah surfing the internet. Tahun 1994, situs internet telah tumbuh menjadi 3000 alamat halaman, dan untuk pertama kalinya virtual-shopping atau e-retail muncul di internet. Dunia langsung berubah. Pada tahun yang sama Yahoo! didirikan, yang juga sekaligus kelahiran Netscape Navigator

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microsoft word

Microsoft Word From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Microsoft Word Microsoft Word 2013 Icon.png Microsoft Word on Windows 8.png Microsoft Office Word 2013 on Windows 8 Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 2013 (15.0.4433.1506) / December 11, 2012; 3 months ago Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Word processor License Trialware Website office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/ Microsoft Word for Mac Microsoft Word 2011 Icon.png Microsoft Word for Mac 2011.png Microsoft Word for Mac 2011 Developer(s) Microsoft Operating system Mac OS X Type Word processor License Commercial proprietary software Website www.microsoft.com/mac/word Microsoft Word is a word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3] Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and growth: 1981 to 1995 1.2 Microsoft Word for Windows since 1995 1.3 Microsoft Word for Mac since 1995 2 File formats 2.1 File extension 2.2 Binary formats (Word 97–2003) 2.3 XML Document (Word 2003) 2.4 Cross-version compatibility 2.5 Third party formats 2.6 Image formats 3 Features and flaws 3.1 WordArt 3.2 Macros 3.3 Layout issues 3.4 Bullets and numbering 3.5 AutoSummarize 4 Password protection 5 Versions 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History Main article: History of Microsoft Word Origins and growth: 1981 to 1995 In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC.[4] Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer.[4][5][6] Microsoft Word 5.0 for DOS. Versions 1.0 to 4.0 had a similar user interface. Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix[4] and MS-DOS in 1983.[7] Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word.[1] Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first program to be distributed on-disk with a magazine.[1][8] Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse,[7] and it was able to display some formatting, such as bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render fonts.[1] It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar.[9] However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years. Microsoft Word 5.1 for Mac OS In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the Macintosh. This was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public.[10] Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac added true WYSIWYG features. After its release, Word for Mac's sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years.[4] The second release of Word for Macintosh, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsoft's first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0.[10] After MacWrite, Word for Mac never had any serious rivals on the Mac. Word 5.1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac ever created.[10][11] In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST[12] under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Apple Macintosh[13][14] and was never updated. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers.[4] In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows' increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application.[15][16] When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of February 2012, it is still available for download from Microsoft's web site.[17] In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows and Mac versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next versions of Word for Windows and Mac, dubbed version 6.0, both started from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0.[11] With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms, this time across DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (this was the last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version received favorable reviews (e.g.,[18]), the Macintosh version was widely derided. Many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed significantly from Word 5.1.[11] In response to user requests, Microsoft offered Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued.[19] Subsequent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer direct ports of Word for Windows, instead featuring a mixture of ported and native code. Word 2007 icon Microsoft Word 2007 Microsoft Word for Windows since 1995 A full-featured word processing program for Windows and Mac from Microsoft. Available stand-alone or as part of the Microsoft Office suite, Word contains rudimentary desktop publishing capabilities and is the most widely used word processing program on the market. Word files are commonly used as the format for sending text documents via e-mail because almost every user with a computer can read a Word document by using the Word application, a Word viewer or a word processor that imports the Word format (see Microsoft Word Viewer). Word 95 for Windows was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95 around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking.[20] Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number.[21] Microsoft Word for Mac since 1995 See also: Microsoft Office#Macintosh versions In 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for the Mac. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97,[19] and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles.[22] Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac. Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items.[23] It was the last version to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X,[22] and introduced non-contiguous text selection.[24] Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice.[25] Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows.[26] Word for Mac 2008 icon Word 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management,[27] and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs.[28] Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon,[29] adds a Backstage view for file management,[30] has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots,[31] and integrates with Word Web App.[32] Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows,[33] and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support for Office Web Apps.[34] File formats File extension Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Although the ".doc" extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats: Word for DOS Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac Word 97 and later for Windows; Word 98 and later for Mac The newer ".docx" extension signifies the Office Open XML international standard for Office documents and is used by Word 2007, 2010 and 2013 for Windows, Word 2008 and 2011 for the Macintosh, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program.[35] Binary formats (Word 97–2003) This section includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2011) During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format (.DOC) became a de facto standard of document file formats for Microsoft Office users. Though usually just referred to as "Word Document Format", this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word version 97-2003. Word document files by using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) structured storage to manage the structure of their file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file system and is made up of several key components. Each Word document is composed of so-called "big blocks" which are almost always (but do not have to be) 512-byte chunks; hence a Word document's file size will in most cases be a multiple of 512. "Storages" are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages or "streams" which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is always contained in the "WordDocument" stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the "header" block, provides important information as to the location of the major data structures in the document. "Property storages" provide metadata about the storages and streams in a doc file, such as where it begins and its name and so forth. The "File information block" contains information about where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document and other attributes. Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format.[36] However, these specifications were criticised for not documenting all of the features used by Word binary file format.[37] Word 2007 and 2010 continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default. XML Document (Word 2003) Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats The XML format introduced in Word 2003[38] was a simple, XML-based format called WordprocessingML. Cross-version compatibility Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and not so subtle ways (such as changing the font, or the handling of more complex tasks like footnotes), creating a "lock in" phenomenon to the base (proprietary) standard.[39] Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version.[39] Rich Text Format (RTF), an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications, is an optional format for Word that retains most formatting and all content of the original document. Third party formats Plugins permitting the Windows versions of Word to read and write formats it does not natively support, such as international standard OpenDocument format (ODF) (ISO/IEC 26300:2006), are available. Up until the release of Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Office 2007, Word did not natively support reading or writing ODF documents without a plugin, namely the SUN ODF Plugin or the OpenXML/ODF Translator. With SP2 installed, ODF format 1.1 documents can be read and saved like any other supported format in addition to those already available in Word 2007.[39][40][41][42][43] The implementation faces substantial criticism, and the ODF Alliance and others have claimed that the third party plugins provide better support.[44] Microsoft later declared that the ODF support has some limitations.[45] In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there was insufficient demand from Microsoft customers for the international standard OpenDocument format support, and that therefore it would not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated in the following months.[46][47][48][49] As an answer, on October 20, 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft.[50] The petition was signed by approximately 12000 people.[51] In May 2006, the ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by the OpenDocument Foundation.[52] Microsoft declared that it had no relationship with the developers of the plugin.[53] In July 2006, Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project – tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project was not to add ODF support to Microsoft Office, but only to create a plugin and an external toolset.[54][55] In February 2007, this project released a first version of the ODF plugin for Microsoft Word.[56] In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.[57] Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.[58] Microsoft Word 2007 (Service Pack 1) supports (for output only) PDF and XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft 'Save as PDF or XPS' add-on.[59][60] On later releases, this was offered by default. Image formats Word can import and display images in common bitmap formats such as JPG and GIF. It can also be used to create and display simple line-art. No version of Microsoft Word has support for the common SVG vector image format. Features and flaws This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) Among its features, Word includes a built-in spell checker, a thesaurus, a dictionary, and utilities for manipulating and editing text. The following are some aspects of its feature set. WordArt WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects, starting at version 2007, and prevalent in Office 2010. Users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles. Macros A Macro is a rule of pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence(often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to an output sequence according to defined process. Frequently used or repetitive sequences of keystrokes and mouse movements can be automated. Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97. This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB flash drives, and floppy disks made this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the Melissa virus, but countless others have existed in the wild. These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any Mac OS X system up until the advent of video codec trojans in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006. Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon. Layout issues Before Word 2010 (Word 14) for Windows, the program was unable to correctly handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts.[61] Those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has advanced typesetting features which can be enabled:[62] OpenType ligatures,[63] kerning, and hyphenation. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed.[64] Similarly, combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font. Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If "Mirror margins" or "Different odd and even" are enabled, Word will not allow the user to freshly begin page numbering an even page after a section break (and vice versa). Instead it inserts a mandatory blank page which cannot be removed.[65] In Word 2004 for Macintosh, support of complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97[citation needed], and Word 2004 does not support Apple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants.[66] Bullets and numbering Word has extensive lists of bullets and numbering features used for tables, lists, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of content. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly or using a button or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some problems with numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Word's system for restarting numbering.[67] The Bullets and Numbering system has been significantly overhauled for Office 2007, which drastically reduces these problems. Users can also create tables in Word. Depending on the version, Word can perform simple calculations. Formulae are supported as well. AutoSummarize AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable. The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount of text. According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, AutoSummarize cuts wordy copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document (barring "a" and "the" and the like) and assigns a "score" to each word—the more frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, it "averages" each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence—the higher the average, the higher the rank of the sentence. "It's like the ratio of wheat to chaff," explains Fein.[68] AutoSummarize was removed from Microsoft Word for Mac 2011, although it was present in Word for Mac 2008. AutoSummarize was removed from the Office 2010 release version (14) as well.[69] Password protection Main article: Microsoft Office password protection There are 3 password types that can be set in Microsoft Word: password to open a document[70] password to modify a document [71] password restricting formatting and editing [72] The second and the third type of passwords were developed by Microsoft for convenient shared use of documents rather than for their protection. There's no encryption of documents that are protected by such passwords, and Microsoft Office protection system saves a hash sum of a password in a document's header where it can be easily accessed and removed by the specialized software. Password to open a document offers much tougher protection that had been steadily enhanced in the subsequent editions of Microsoft Office. Word 95 and all the preceding editions had the weakest protection that utilized a conversion of a password to a 16-bit key. Key length in Word 97 and 2000 was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows removing such a password very quickly – a persistent cracking process takes one week at most. Use of rainbow tables by online services like Password-Find reduces password removal time to several seconds. Some password recovery software can not only remove a password, but also find an actual password that was used by a user to encrypt the document using brute-force attack approach. Statistically, the possibility of recovering the password depends on the password strength. Word's 2003/XP default protection remained the same but an option that allowed advanced users choosing a Cryptographic Service Provider was added.[73] If a strong CSP is chosen, guaranteed document decryption becomes unavailable, and therefore a password can't be removed from the document. Nonetheless, a password can be fairly quickly picked with brute-force attack, because its speed is still high regardless of the CSP selected. Moreover, since the CSPs are not active by the default, their use is limited to advanced users only. Word 2007 offers a significantly more secure document protection which utilizes the modern Advanced Encryption Standard that converts a password to a 128-bit key using a SHA-1 hash function 50000 times. It makes password removal impossible (as of today, no computer that can pick the key in reasonable amount of time exists), and drastically slows the brute-force attack speed down to several hundreds of passwords/second. Word's 2010 protection algorithm was not changed apart from increasing number of SHA-1 conversions up to 100000 times, and consequently, the brute-force attack speed decreased two times more. Versions Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS Microsoft Word 2.0c on Windows 3.1 Microsoft Word 2000 running on Windows 2000 Microsoft Word 2010 running on Windows 7 Microsoft Word for Windows release history Year Released Name Version Comments 1989 Word for Windows 1.0 1990 Word for Windows 1.1 1.1 Code-named Bill the Cat 1990 Word for Windows 1.1a 1.1a For Windows 3.1 1991 Word for Windows 2.0 2.0 Code-named Spaceman Spiff 1993 Word for Windows 6.0 6.0 Code-named T3 (renumbered 6 to bring Windows version numbering in line with that of DOS version, Macintosh version and also WordPerfect, the main competing word processor at the time; also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only) 1995 Word 95 7.0 Included in Office 95 1997 Word 97 8.0 Included in Office 97 1998 Word 98 8.5 Only sold as part of Office 97 Powered By Word 98, which was only available in Japan and Korea. 1999 Word 2000 9.0 Included in Office 2000 2001 Word 2002 10.0 Included in Office XP 2003 Office Word 2003 11.0 Included in Office 2003 2006 Office Word 2007 12.0 Included in Office 2007; released to businesses on November 30, 2006, released worldwide to consumers on January 30, 2007 2010 Word 2010 14.0 Included in Office 2010 2013 Word 2013 15.0 Included in Office 2013 Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition.[74] Microsoft Word for Mac release history Year Released Name Comments 1985 Word 1 1987 Word 3 1989 Word 4 Part of Office 1.0 and 1.5 1991 Word 5 Part of Office 3.0 Requires System 6.0.2, 512 KB of RAM (1 MB for 5.1, 2 MB to use spell check and thesaurus), 6.5 MB available hard drive space[10] 1992 Word 5.1 Part of Office 3.0 Last version to support 68000-based Macs[10] 1993 Word 6 Part of Office 4.2 Shares code and user interface with Word for Windows 6 Requires System 7.0, 4 MB of RAM (8 MB recommended), at least 10 MB available hard drive space, 68020 CPU[10] 1998 Word 98 Part of Office 98 Macintosh Edition Requires PowerPC-based Mac 2000 Word 2001 Part of Microsoft Office 2001 Last version compatible with Classic (OS 9 or earlier) Mac OS 2001 Word v. X Part of Office v. X First version for Mac OS X only 2004 Word 2004 Part of Office 2004 2008 Word 2008 Part of Office 2008 2010 Word 2011 Part of Office 2011 Word for MS-DOS release history Year released Name Comments 1983 Word 1 1985 Word 2 1986 Word 3 1987 Word 4 1989 Word 5 1991 Word 5.1 1991 Word 5.5 First DOS version to use a Windows-like user interface 1993 Word 6.0 Word release history on other platforms Platform Year released Name Comments Atari ST 1988 Microsoft Write Based on Microsoft Word 1.05 for Mac OS/2 1992 Microsoft Word for OS/2 version 1.1B See also List of word processors Comparison of word processors Microsoft Word Viewer References ^ a b c d A. Allen, Roy (October 2001). "Chapter 12: Microsoft in the 1980's". A History of the Personal Computer: The People and the Technology (1st edition ed.). Allan Publishing. pp. 12/25–12/26. ISBN 978-0-9689108-0-1. Retrieved 2010-11-07. ^ "Microsoft Office online, Getting to know you...again: The Ribbon". ^ "The history of branding, Microsoft history". ^ a b c d e Edwards, Benj (October 22, 2008). "Microsoft Word Turns 25". PC World. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Tsang, Cheryl (1999). Microsoft First Generation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-33206-0. ^ Schaut, Rick (May 19, 2004). "Anatomy of a Software Bug". MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2006-12-02. ^ a b Markoff, John (May 30, 1983). "Mouse and new WP program join Microsoft product lineup". InfoWorld. p. 10. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Pollack, Andrew (August 25, 1983). "Computerizing Magazines". New York Times. ^ Peterson, W.E. Pete (1994). Almost Perfect: How a Bunch of Regular Guys Built Wordperfect Corporation. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7881-9991-9. ^ a b c d e f Knight, Dan (May 22, 2008). "Microsoft Word for Mac History". Low End Mac. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ a b c Schaut, Rick (February 26, 2004). "Mac Word 6.0". Buggin' My Life Away. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Atari announces agreement with Microsoft". Atarimagazines.com. 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Feature Review: Microsoft Write". Atarimagazines.com. 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Today's Atari Corp.: A close up look inside". Atarimagazines.com. 2008-04-25. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Miller, Michael J. (November 12, 1990). "First Look: Microsoft Updates Look of And Adds Pull-Down Menus to Character-Based Word 5.5". InfoWorld. p. 151. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Needleman, Raphael (November 19, 1990). "Microsoft Word 5.5: Should You Fight or Switch?". InfoWorld. p. 106. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ "Microsoft Word 5.5 for MS-DOS (EXE format)". Microsoft Download Center. Retrieved 2011-08-19. ^ "War of the Words". InfoWorld. February 7, 1994. pp. 66–79. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ a b Lockman, James T.W. (May 15, 1998). "UGeek Software Review: Microsoft Office 98 Gold for Macintosh". Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Harris, Jensen (March 29, 2006). "Ye Olde Museum Of Office Past (Why the UI, Part 2)". An Office User Interface Blog. Microsoft. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Ericson, Richard (October 11, 2006). "Final Review: The Lowdown on Office 2007". Computerworld. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ a b McLean, Prince (November 12, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: an introduction (Page 3)". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Tetrault, Gregory (January 2001). "Review: Microsoft Office 2001". ATPM: About This Particular Macintosh. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Negrino, Tom (February 1, 2002). "Review: Microsoft Office v. X". Macworld. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Lunsford, Kelly; Michaels, Philip; Snell, Jason (March 3, 2004). "Office 2004: First Look". Macworld. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Friedberg, Steve (May 25, 2004). "Review: Microsoft Office". MacNN. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ McLean, Prince (November 14, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: Word '08 vs Pages 3.0". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ McLean, Prince (November 12, 2007). "Road to Mac Office 2008: an introduction (Page 4)". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010: Office 2010's Backstage View". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ Mendelson, Edward (May 11, 2010). "Microsoft Office 2010: The Word on Word". PC Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ "Introduction to Word Web App". Microsoft. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ McLean, Prince (March 29, 2010). "New Office 11 for Mac sports dense ribbons of buttons". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (October 25, 2010). http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/10/25/review_microsofts_office_2011_for_mac.html&page=2. Retrieved November 7, 2010. ^ "OpenOffice.org 3.0 New Features — Microsoft Office 2007 Import Filters". Retrieved 2010-04-26. ^ "Microsoft Office Binary (doc, xls, ppt) File Formats". Microsoft. February 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-21. ^ Joel Spolsky. "Why are the Microsoft Office file formats so complicated? (And some workarounds)". Retrieved 2011-05-23. ^ "What You Can Do with Word XML [Word 2003 XML Reference"]. MSDN. 2004. ^ a b c Casson, Tony; Ryan, Patrick S. (May 1, 2006). "Open Standards, Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector, and Their Relationship to Microsoft's Market Dominance". In Bolin, Sherrie. Standards Edge: Unifier or Divider?. Sheridan Books. p. 87. ^ Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office, May 21, 2008 [1] ^ Next Office 2007 service pack will include ODF, PDF support options, May 21, 2008 Next Office 2007 service pack will include ODF, PDF support options | Betanews ^ Andy Updegrove. "Microsoft Office 2007 to Support ODF – and not OOXML, May 21, 2008". Consortiuminfo.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Microsoft: Why we chose ODF support over OOXML, 23 May 2008". Software.silicon.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Fact-sheet Microsoft ODF support". odfalliance. Retrieved 2009-05-24. "Microsoft Excel 2007 will process ODF spreadsheet documents when loaded via the Sun Plug-In 3.0 for Microsoft Office or the SourceForge "OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office," but will fail when using the "built-in" support provided by Office 2007 SP2." ^ Microsoft. "What happens when I save a Word 2007 document in the OpenDocument Text format?". Retrieved 2010-04-05. ^ Goodwins, Rupert (2005-10-03). "Office 12 to support PDF creation, 3 October 2005". News.zdnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Marson, Ingrid (2005-10-06). "Microsoft 'must support OpenDocument', 6 October 2005". News.zdnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ 23 March 2006, Gates: Office 2007 will enable a new class of application Mass. holding tight to OpenDocument - ZDNet ^ "May 08, 2006 – Microsoft Office to get a dose of OpenDocument". Zdnet.com.au. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ OpenDocument Fellowship (2005-10-20). "OpenDocument Support: Tell Microsoft You Want It!, 20 October 2005". Opendocumentfellowship.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ OpenDocument Fellowship (2006-07-06). "ODF Fellowship Petition". Opendocumentfellowship.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Coming soon: ODF for MS Office, May 04, 2006". Linux-watch.com. 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ By Martin LaMonica Staff Writer, CNET News. "Microsoft Office to get a dose of OpenDocument, May 5, 2006". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Microsoft Expands Document Interoperability, July 5, 2006". Microsoft.com. 2006-07-05. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Open XML Translator project announced (ODF support for Office), July 05, 2006 Open XML Translator project announced (ODF support for Office) - Brian Jones & Zeyad Rajabi: Office Solutions - Site Home - MSDN Blogs ^ By Martin LaMonica Staff Writer, CNET News. "February 1, 2007, Microsoft to release ODF document converter". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Lombardi, Candace (2007-02-07). "Sun to release ODF translator for Microsoft Office". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Paul, Ryan (2007-07-07). "Sun releases ODF Plugin 1.0 for Microsoft Office, July 07, 2007". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Download details: 2007 Microsoft Office Add-in: Microsoft Save as PDF or XPS". Microsoft.com. 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Microsoft to remove PDF support from Office 2007 in wake of Adobe dispute, Friday, June 02, 2006 Microsoft to remove PDF support from Office 2007 in wake of Adobe dispute | TG Daily ^ What's new in Word 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010. ^ Improving the look of papers written in Microsoft Word, Retrieved 30 May 2010. ^ How to Enable OpenType Ligatures in Word 2010, Oreszek Blog, 17 May 2009. ^ Such as WordSetter (shareware) ^ "How to delete a blank page in Word". Sbarnhill.mvps.org. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Neuburg, Matt (2004-05-19). "TidBITS : Word Up! Word 2004, That Is". Db.tidbits.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ "Methods for restarting list numbering". Word.mvps.org. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Gore, Karenna (1997-02-09). "Cognito Auto Sum". Slate.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21. ^ Changes in Word 2010 ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1 ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3 ^ http://www.trickyways.com/2010/06/how-to-restrict-editing-in-word-2010-2007/ ^ http://www.oraxcel.com/projects/encoffice/help/How_safe_is_Word_encryption.html ^ For the sake of superstition the next version of Office won't be called '13', Office Watch News.

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microsoft excel

Microsoft Excel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel 2013 icon.png Microsoft Excel 2013 Default Screen.png Microsoft Excel 2013 running on Windows 8 Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 2013 (15.0.4433.1506) / December 11, 2012; 3 months ago Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Spreadsheet License Trialware[1] Website office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel Microsoft Excel for Mac Microsoft Excel 2011 Icon.png Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011.png Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 2011 (14.1.0.100825) / October 26, 2010; 2 years ago Operating system Mac OS X Type Spreadsheet License Proprietary commercial software Website www.microsoft.com/mac/excel Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. Contents 1 Basic operation 2 VBA programming 3 Charts 4 Using other Windows applications 5 Using external data 6 Quirks 6.1 Statistical functions 6.2 Excel MOD function error 6.3 Date problems 6.4 Filenames 7 Numeric precision 8 History 8.1 Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x 8.2 Excel 5.0 8.3 Excel 95 8.4 Excel 97 8.5 Excel 2000 8.6 Excel XP 8.7 Excel 2003 8.8 Excel 2007 8.9 Excel 2010 8.10 Excel 2013 9 Versions 9.1 Microsoft Windows 9.2 Apple Macintosh 9.3 OS/2 10 Number of rows and columns 11 File formats 11.1 Binary 11.2 XML Spreadsheet 11.3 Standard file-extensions 11.4 Office Open XML 12 Password protection 13 Export and migration of spreadsheets 14 See also 15 References 16 General references 17 External links Basic operation Main article: Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[2] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[3] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[4][5] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[6] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[7][8][9] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[10] analyze the results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y. Graph made using Microsoft Excel Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[11] VBA programming Main article: Visual basic for applications The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[12] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011.[13] A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[14] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Users should be aware that using Macro Recorded code may not be compatible from one version of Excel to another. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[15] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient. Charts Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object. These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design. Using other Windows applications [icon] This section requires expansion. (April 2010) Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".[16] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters. OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[17][18][19][20] Using external data [icon] This section requires expansion. (February 2010) Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver. Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro). DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".[16] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[21] Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[22][23] Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[24][25][26] Quirks Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and the Excel 2007 error.[27] Further information: Spreadsheet Shortcomings Statistical functions The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[28][29][30][31][32] as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[33] Excel MOD function error Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[34][35] Date problems Excel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year.[36][37] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility.[38] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[39] Excel also does not support dates before 1900.[40] Filenames Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.[41] The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.[42] Numeric precision Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line. Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable. In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays. Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[43] Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details. Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[44][45] As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[46] History Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on 30 September 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[47] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. Early in 1993 Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft had to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program.[citation needed] Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program[citation needed]; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows (before Excel 2013) still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel format is .xls (.xlsx in newer versions). Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells. Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel has extensive graphing capabilities, and enables users to perform mail merge. From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.[48] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option has been discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.[49] Excel 5.0 With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques. The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate. Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[50] Excel 95 Internal rewrite to 32 bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable. Excel 97 Major upgrade. Introduced the paper clip office assistant. Standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. Includes now removed Natural Language labels. Excel 2000 See also: Microsoft Office 2000 Minor upgrade. Clipboard can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive. Excel 2007 icon Microsoft Excel 2007 Excel XP Released about 2001. Very minor enhancements. Excel 2003 Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables. Excel 2007 This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This is different from what users are used to, but the number of mouse-clicks needed to reach a given functionality is generally fewer (e.g., removing gridlines only required two mouse-clicks instead of five). However, most business users agree that the replacement of the straightforward menu system with the more convoluted ribbon dramatically reduces productivity.[51] Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[52] Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. Other features included an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which now allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration. Excel 2010 Minor enhancements, see [53] Excel 2013 A lot of new tools have been included in this release: FlashFill PowerView PowerPivot Timeline Slicer Windows App Inquire 50 new functions Versions Microsoft Windows Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7 1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows 1990 Excel 3.0 1992 Excel 4.0 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the x86, PowerPC, Alpha, and MIPS architectures) This version of Excel includes a DOOM-like game as an Easter Egg. 1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) included in Office 95 1997 Excel 97 (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg. 1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000 2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP 2003 Office Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003 2007 Office Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007 2010 Excel 2010 (version 14) included in Office 2010 2013 Excel 2013 (version 15) included in Office 2013 Note: No MS-DOS version of Excel 1.0 for Windows ever existed: the Windows version originated at the time the Mac version was up to 2.0. Note: There is no Excel 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All the Office 95 & Office 4.X products have OLE 2 capacity — moving data automatically from various programs — and Excel 7 would show that it was contemporary with Word 7. Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition. Dock icon for Excel 2011 for Mac Apple Macintosh 1985 Excel 1.0 1988 Excel 1.5 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 3.0 1992 Excel 4.0 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version) 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98) 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001) 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X) 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004) 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008) 2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011) OS/2 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 2.3 1991 Excel 3.0 Number of rows and columns Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.[54] File formats Excel Spreadsheet Filename extension .xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007) Internet media type application/vnd.ms-excel Uniform Type Identifier com.microsoft.excel.xls[55] Developed by Microsoft Type of format Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.[56] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.[57] Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[58] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs. Binary OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format.[59] Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[60] XML Spreadsheet Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[57] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls: Name Example Value 123 Standard file-extensions [icon] This section requires expansion with: explanation of purpose and when deprecated. (February 2009) Format Extension Description Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros Add-in (VBA) .xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored. Chart .xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel. Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel. Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet Add-in (DLL) .xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel. Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel. Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel Library .DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks Office Open XML Main article: Office Open XML Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification. The new Excel 2007 formats are: New Excel 2007 formats Format Extension Description Excel Workbook .xlsx The default Excel 2007 workbook format. In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons. Excel Macro-enabled Workbook .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support. Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns. Excel Macro-enabled Template .xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format. Excel Add-in .xlam Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose. Excel 2010 continues with these new formats. Password protection Main article: Microsoft Office password protection Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords: password to open a document [61] password to modify a document [62] password to unprotect worksheet password to protect workbook password to protect the sharing workbook [63] All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document. In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. The success rate of this operation is 100%.[64] As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document, but also find the original password. In Excel 2003/XP the state of affairs is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default.[65] Therefore, users who did not changed the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents. The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times thanks to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key. Conclusion: Currently, reliable protection is provided only by documents saved in the Office 2007/2010 format with a strong password to open set to them. Export and migration of spreadsheets Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a current .NET developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. See also Comparison of risk analysis Microsoft Excel add-ins Comparison of spreadsheets Excel Viewer List of spreadsheets Spreadmart Visual Basic for Applications References ^ "Microsoft Office Excel 2010". Download.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ Harvey, Greg (2006). Excel 2007 For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-03737-7. ^ Harvey, Greg (2007). Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 ff. ISBN 0-470-16937-0. ^ de Levie, Robert (2004). Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515275-1. ^ Bourg, David M. (2006). Excel scientific and engineering cookbook. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00879-1. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; and Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). "§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS". In Burstein, Frad; and Holsapple, Clyde W.. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes. Springer. ISBN 3-540-48712-3. ^ Wells, Eric; and Harshbarger, Steve (1997). Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-57231-359-5. Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed. ^ Harnett, Donald L.; and Horrell, James F. (1998). Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-13398-1. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; Ahuja, Ravindra K.; and Winston, Wayne L. (2007). Developing spreadsheet-based decision support systems: using Excel and VBA. Dynamic Ideas. ISBN 0-9759146-5-0. ^ Some form of data acquisition hardware is required. See, for example, Austerlitz, Howard (2003). Data acquisition techniques using PCs (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 ff. ISBN 0-12-068377-6. ^ "Description of the startup switches for Excel". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft Support. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2010-12-14. "Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. 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