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Microsoft Excel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel 2013 icon.png Microsoft Excel 2013 Default Screen.png Microsoft Excel 2013 running on Windows 8 Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 2013 (15.0.4433.1506) / December 11, 2012; 3 months ago Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Spreadsheet License Trialware[1] Website office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel Microsoft Excel for Mac Microsoft Excel 2011 Icon.png Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011.png Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Developer(s) Microsoft Stable release 2011 (14.1.0.100825) / October 26, 2010; 2 years ago Operating system Mac OS X Type Spreadsheet License Proprietary commercial software Website www.microsoft.com/mac/excel Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. Contents 1 Basic operation 2 VBA programming 3 Charts 4 Using other Windows applications 5 Using external data 6 Quirks 6.1 Statistical functions 6.2 Excel MOD function error 6.3 Date problems 6.4 Filenames 7 Numeric precision 8 History 8.1 Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x 8.2 Excel 5.0 8.3 Excel 95 8.4 Excel 97 8.5 Excel 2000 8.6 Excel XP 8.7 Excel 2003 8.8 Excel 2007 8.9 Excel 2010 8.10 Excel 2013 9 Versions 9.1 Microsoft Windows 9.2 Apple Macintosh 9.3 OS/2 10 Number of rows and columns 11 File formats 11.1 Binary 11.2 XML Spreadsheet 11.3 Standard file-extensions 11.4 Office Open XML 12 Password protection 13 Export and migration of spreadsheets 14 See also 15 References 16 General references 17 External links Basic operation Main article: Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[2] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager).[3] It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[4][5] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[6] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[7][8][9] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[10] analyze the results, make a Word report or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable y. Graph made using Microsoft Excel Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.[11] VBA programming Main article: Visual basic for applications The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[12] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011.[13] A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[14] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Users should be aware that using Macro Recorded code may not be compatible from one version of Excel to another. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[15] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient. Charts Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object. These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design. Using other Windows applications [icon] This section requires expansion. (April 2010) Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".[16] As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters. OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.[17][18][19][20] Using external data [icon] This section requires expansion. (February 2010) Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver. Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro). DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell".[16] In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Given the view above, it is not surprising that in Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.[21] Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.[22][23] Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.[24][25][26] Quirks Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and the Excel 2007 error.[27] Further information: Spreadsheet Shortcomings Statistical functions The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized,[28][29][30][31][32] as mishandling missing data, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.[33] Excel MOD function error Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.[34][35] Date problems Excel includes January 0, 1900 and February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year.[36][37] The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility.[38] This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.[39] Excel also does not support dates before 1900.[40] Filenames Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.[41] The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='[Book1.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.[42] Numeric precision Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line. Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable. In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays. Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification.[43] Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details. Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.[44][45] As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.[46] History Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on 30 September 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[47] Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so. Early in 1993 Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft had to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program.[citation needed] Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program[citation needed]; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows (before Excel 2013) still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel format is .xls (.xlsx in newer versions). Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells. Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel has extensive graphing capabilities, and enables users to perform mail merge. From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0.[48] Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option has been discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.[49] Excel 5.0 With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques. The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate. Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.[50] Excel 95 Internal rewrite to 32 bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable. Excel 97 Major upgrade. Introduced the paper clip office assistant. Standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. Includes now removed Natural Language labels. Excel 2000 See also: Microsoft Office 2000 Minor upgrade. Clipboard can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive. Excel 2007 icon Microsoft Excel 2007 Excel XP Released about 2001. Very minor enhancements. Excel 2003 Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables. Excel 2007 This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This is different from what users are used to, but the number of mouse-clicks needed to reach a given functionality is generally fewer (e.g., removing gridlines only required two mouse-clicks instead of five). However, most business users agree that the replacement of the straightforward menu system with the more convoluted ribbon dramatically reduces productivity.[51] Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[52] Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. Other features included an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which now allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration. Excel 2010 Minor enhancements, see [53] Excel 2013 A lot of new tools have been included in this release: FlashFill PowerView PowerPivot Timeline Slicer Windows App Inquire 50 new functions Versions Microsoft Windows Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7 1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows 1990 Excel 3.0 1992 Excel 4.0 1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the x86, PowerPC, Alpha, and MIPS architectures) This version of Excel includes a DOOM-like game as an Easter Egg. 1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) included in Office 95 1997 Excel 97 (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg. 1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000 2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP 2003 Office Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003 2007 Office Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007 2010 Excel 2010 (version 14) included in Office 2010 2013 Excel 2013 (version 15) included in Office 2013 Note: No MS-DOS version of Excel 1.0 for Windows ever existed: the Windows version originated at the time the Mac version was up to 2.0. Note: There is no Excel 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All the Office 95 & Office 4.X products have OLE 2 capacity — moving data automatically from various programs — and Excel 7 would show that it was contemporary with Word 7. Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition. Dock icon for Excel 2011 for Mac Apple Macintosh 1985 Excel 1.0 1988 Excel 1.5 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 3.0 1992 Excel 4.0 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version) 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98) 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001) 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X) 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004) 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008) 2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011) OS/2 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 2.3 1991 Excel 3.0 Number of rows and columns Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (214 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (216 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (28 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 can handle 1M (220 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (214 as label 'XFD') columns.[54] File formats Excel Spreadsheet Filename extension .xls, (.xlsx, .xlsm, .xlsb - Excel 2007) Internet media type application/vnd.ms-excel Uniform Type Identifier com.microsoft.excel.xls[55] Developed by Microsoft Type of format Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format.[56] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.[57] Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007.[58] The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs. Binary OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format.[59] Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.[60] XML Spreadsheet Main article: Microsoft Office XML formats The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002[57] is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls: Name Example Value 123

Standard file-extensions [icon] This section requires expansion with: explanation of purpose and when deprecated. (February 2009) Format Extension Description Spreadsheet .xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets, charts, and macros Add-in (VBA) .xla Adds custom functionality; written in VBA Toolbar .xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored. Chart .xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart. To save the chart and spreadsheet save as .XLS. XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel. Dialog .xld Used in older versions of Excel. Archive .xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet Add-in (DLL) .xll Adds custom functionality; written in C++/C, Visual Basic, Fortran, etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic-link library Macro .xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel. Template .xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel. Module .xlv A module is written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) for Microsoft Excel Library .DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL, typically this is used to access the Windows API Workspace .xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks Office Open XML Main article: Office Open XML Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification. The new Excel 2007 formats are: New Excel 2007 formats Format Extension Description Excel Workbook .xlsx The default Excel 2007 workbook format. In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents. Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary .xls format, although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons. Excel Macro-enabled Workbook .xlsm As Excel Workbook, but with macro support. Excel Binary Workbook .xlsb As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook, but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently. Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows, and/or several hundreds of columns. Excel Macro-enabled Template .xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks, with macro support. The replacement for the old .xlt format. Excel Add-in .xlam Excel add-in to add extra functionality and tools. Inherent macro support because of the file purpose. Excel 2010 continues with these new formats. Password protection Main article: Microsoft Office password protection Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords: password to open a document [61] password to modify a document [62] password to unprotect worksheet password to protect workbook password to protect the sharing workbook [63] All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document’s header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password “VelvetSweatshop”, but since it is known to public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document. In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. The success rate of this operation is 100%.[64] As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document, but also find the original password. In Excel 2003/XP the state of affairs is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file can't be decrypted, and thus the password to open can't be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default.[65] Therefore, users who did not changed the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents. The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times thanks to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key. Conclusion: Currently, reliable protection is provided only by documents saved in the Office 2007/2010 format with a strong password to open set to them. Export and migration of spreadsheets Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files. ExcelPackage is another open-source project that provides server-side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5, Excel 2003, and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application. Excel Services is a current .NET developer tool that can enhance Excel's capabilities. See also Comparison of risk analysis Microsoft Excel add-ins Comparison of spreadsheets Excel Viewer List of spreadsheets Spreadmart Visual Basic for Applications References ^ "Microsoft Office Excel 2010". Download.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 February 2013. ^ Harvey, Greg (2006). Excel 2007 For Dummies. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-03737-7. ^ Harvey, Greg (2007). Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 ff. ISBN 0-470-16937-0. ^ de Levie, Robert (2004). Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515275-1. ^ Bourg, David M. (2006). Excel scientific and engineering cookbook. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00879-1. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; and Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). "§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS". In Burstein, Frad; and Holsapple, Clyde W.. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes. Springer. ISBN 3-540-48712-3. ^ Wells, Eric; and Harshbarger, Steve (1997). Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook. Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-57231-359-5. Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed. ^ Harnett, Donald L.; and Horrell, James F. (1998). Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-13398-1. ^ Şeref, Michelle M. H.; Ahuja, Ravindra K.; and Winston, Wayne L. (2007). Developing spreadsheet-based decision support systems: using Excel and VBA. Dynamic Ideas. ISBN 0-9759146-5-0. ^ Some form of data acquisition hardware is required. See, for example, Austerlitz, Howard (2003). Data acquisition techniques using PCs (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 ff. ISBN 0-12-068377-6. ^ "Description of the startup switches for Excel". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft Support. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2010-12-14. "Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch." ^ For example, by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in Press, William H. Press; Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T.; and Flannery, Brian P. (2007). Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88068-8. Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++, so the 2nd edition (isbn=0521437210) may be easier to use, or the Basic code implementation of the first edition: Sprott, Julien C. (1991). Numerical recipes: routines and examples in BASIC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40689-7.. ^ "Excel". Office for Mac. OfficeforMacHelp.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08. ^ However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros. Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel are also a downfall of this method. A macro recorded in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older. This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells. Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder". Excel 2007 VBA Programming for Dummies (Revised by Jan Karel Pieterse ed.). Wiley. p. 79 ff. ISBN 0-470-04674-0. ^ Walkenbach, John (2007-02-02). 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ISBN 0-07-149424-3. ^ Microsoft discontinues support for network DDE ^ How to set up RTD in Excel ^ DeMarco, Jim (2008). Pro Excel 2007 VBA. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-59059-957-0. "External data is accessed through a connection file, such as an Office Data Connection (ODC) file (.odc)" ^ Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; and Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 665. ISBN 0-321-50879-3. "To create a robust solution, we always have to include some VBA code ..." ^ William, Wehrs (2000). "An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA: IS and/or MS?" (PDF). The Proceedings of ISECON (Information System Educator Conference). pp. 4. Retrieved 2010-02-05. "Microsoft Query is a data retrieval tool (i.e. ODBC browser) that can be employed within Excel 97. It allows a user to create and save queries on external relational databases for which an ODBC driver is available." ^ Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data ^ Fix of display error for a number from 65535.99999999995 to 65536 ^ McCullough, Bruce D.; Wilson, Berry (2002). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 40 (4): 713–721. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6. ^ McCullough, Bruce D.; Heiser, David A. (2008). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 52 (10): 4570–4578. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004. ^ Yalta, A. Talha (2008). "The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 52 (10): 4579–4586. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005. ^ Goldwater, Eva. "Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis — Caveats". University of Massachusetts School of Public Health. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ Heiser, David A. (2008). "Microsoft Excel 2000, 2003 and 2007 faults, problems, workarounds and fixes". Retrieved 2010-04-08. ^ Function improvements in Excel 2010 Comments are provided from readers that may illuminate some remaining problems. ^ "XL: MOD() Function Returns #NUM! Error Value". Microsoft. January 19, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ "The MOD bug". Byg Software. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ "Days of the week before March 1, 1900 are incorrect in Excel". Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ "Excel 2000 incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year". Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ Spolsky, Joel (June 16, 2006). "My First BillG Review". Joel on Software. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ "The Contradictory Nature of OOXML". ConsortiumInfo.org. ^ "Negative date and time value are displayed as pound signs (###) in Excel". Micrsoft. Retrieved 2012-03-26. ^ The Hindu Business Line : Trouble with macros ^ Microsoft Excel - Why Can't I Open Two Files With the Same Name? ^ Microsoft's overview is found at: "Floating-point arithmetic may give inaccurate results in Excel". Revision 8.2 ; article ID: 78113. Microsoft support. June 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-02. ^ Altman, Micah; Gill, Jeff; McDonald, Michael (2004). "§2.1.1 Revealing example: Computing the coefficient standard deviation". Numerical issues in statistical computing for the social scientist. Wiley-IEEE. p. 12. ISBN 0-471-23633-0. ^ de Levie, Robert (2004). cited work. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-19-515275-1. ^ Walkenbach, John (2010). "Defining data types". Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA. Wiley. pp. 198 ff and Table 8–1. ISBN 0-470-47535-8. ^ Infoworld Media Group, Inc. (1986-07-07). InfoWorld First Look: Supercalc 4 challenging 1-2-3 with new tactic. ^ "The Spreadsheet Page for Excel Users and Developers". J-Walk & Associates, Inc.. Retrieved 2012-12-19. ^ "Working with Excel 4.0 macros". Microsoft Office Support. Retrieved 2012-12-19. ^ Osterman, Larry (October 21, 2005). "Why no Easter Eggs?". Larry Osterman's WebLog. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2006-07-29. ^ [1] ^ Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). "Chapter 1: What's new in Microsoft Office Excel 2007". Microsoft Office Excel 2007 inside out. Microsoft Press. p. 1 ff. ISBN 0-7356-2321-X. ^ Office.microsoft.com ^ "The "Big Grid" and Increased Limits in Excel 2007". Microsoft.com. Retrieved 2008-04-10. ^ System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers ^ "How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas". Microsoft. February 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ a b "XML Spreadsheet Reference". Microsoft Excel 2002 Technical Articles. MSDN. August 2001. Retrieved 2008-11-10. ^ "Deprecated features for Excel 2007". Microsoft — David Gainer. August 24, 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-02. ^ "OpenOffice.org's documentation of the Microsoft Excel File Format". 2008-08-02. ^ "Microsoft Office Excel 97 - 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)". Microsoft Corporation. 2007. ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1 ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3a ^ http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/password-protect-worksheet-or-workbook-elements-HP005201059.aspx ^ https://www.password-find.com/password_cracking_statistic.htm ^ http://www.oraxcel.com/projects/encoffice/help/How_safe_is_Word_encryption.html.

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APLIKASI PENGOLAH ANGKA Perangkat Lunak Pengolah Angka Macam-macam Perangkat Lunak Pengolah Angka Macam-macam perangkat lunak pengolah angka antara lain : Kspread, Star Office Calc, Open Office Calc, GNOME - GNumeric, Xess, Lotus 123, Microsoft Excel. Adapun yang sekarang banyak digunakan masyarakat adalah Microsoft Excel. Kspread Kspread merupakan aplikasi pengolah angka (spreadsheet) yang bersifat open source dan multiplatform. Open Source berarti kita dapat mendownload secara gratis dari internet dan menggunakannya secara bebas. Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur yang dimiliki oleh KSpread adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Dapat menggunakan banyak tabel dan lembaran kerja dalam satu dokumen. 2. Mempunyai banyak template untuk membuat dokumen. 3. Mempunyai banyak format grafik untuk menampilkan data dalam bentuk grafik. 4. Dapat menambahkan header dan footer. 5. Mempunyai lebih dari 100 fungsi, termasuk perhitungan deviasi standar, varian, nilai uang saat ini, dan masih banyak lagi. 6. Mengurutkan data. 7. Pengecekan vallidasi sel data. 8. Hyperlink. 9. Pengaturan baris dan kolom. 10. Pengaturan sel. Star Office Calc StarOffice Calc merupakan aplikasi pengolah angka yang dikembangkan oleh Sun Microsystem. StarOffice Calc adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang bersifat multiplatform, yang berarti dapat dijalankan di berbagai sistem operasi termasuk Linux, Solaris, Unix, dan Windows. Kelebihan dari StarOffice Calc: 1. kemampuannya untuk mengenali dan mengklarifikasi data yang ditempatkan di lembaran kerja. 2. membantu penggunanya untuk membuat grafik dari data tersebut. 3. Dapat dikonversi dengan mudah menjadi dokumen Microsoft Excel. Aplikasi ini dilenkapi dengan banyak fitur untuk menganalisis data, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Dilengkapi dengan 275 fungsi dan formula yang dapat dibuat sendiri oleh penggunanya. 2. Function Wizard berfungsi untuk membantu pengguna menambahkan rumus-rumus yang sulit. 3. Natural language Formula : untuk pendefinisian rumus menjadi lebih intuitif dan lebih mudah dikomunikasikan. 4. Skenario “What If” dapat melakukan perhitungan dengan berbagai scenario. 5. Data Pilot Tables digunakan untuk mengekstra dan menyimpulkan data dari kumpulan data yag yang ada. 6. Chart mempunyai 13 tipe dan berbagi bentuk format,dan dapat membantu pengguna menampilkan data dalam bentuk grafik sesuai dengan format yang diinginkan 7. Macro adalah rangkaian perintah yang dibuat denagn menuliskan kode program atau merekam rangkain perintah tertentu. Selain fitur di atas,Calc juga dilengkapi dengan kemampuan untuk mengkonversi dan sharing data dengan aplikasi pengolah angka yang lain. Beberapa kemampuannya yaitu: 1. File yang dihasilkan Calc dapat dikonversi dengan mudah menjadi file Microsoft Excel serta dapat dibuka dan diedit di Microsoft Excel. 2. Dapat mengimpor file yang dihasilkan oleh Lotus 1-2-3. 3. Dapat mengkonversi file dalam bentuk file PDF. Open Office Calc OpenOffice Calc adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang besifat open source (dapat dibuka melalui sistem operasi apa saja). Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur yang dimilki oleh OpenOffice Calc yaitu 1. Advanced DataPilot Tecnologi, 2. Natural Language Formulas, 3. Intelligent sum button, 4. Wizard, Styles dan Formatiing, 5. Scenario Manager, 6. Menyimpan file dokumen yang dihasilkan dalam format OpenDokument (XML) 7. Menyimpan file dokumen dalam format yang dapat dibuka dan diedit oleh Microsoft Excel. 8. Menyimpan file dokumen dalam format PDF. GNOME Office - Gnumeric Gnumeric adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang merupakan keluarga dari GNOME Office. Gnumeric bersifat open source. Gnumeric memiliki tampilan yang user friendly di mana jendela Gnumeric dilengkapi dengan menu-menu dan tombol-tombol toolbar. Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur yang dimilki oleh Gnumeric adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Memilki 95% fungsi-fungsi yang terdapat di Excel dan 100% fungsi –fungsi Enginering. 2. Melakukan perhitungan dengan tetap menjaga keterkaitan antar sel. 3. Pengguna dapat mendefinisikan nama sel, selang sel, dan fungsi sendiri. 4. Dilengkapi menu, toolbar, dan kemampuan zoom. 5. Menggambar berbagai bentuk objek. 6. Mencetak lembar kerja dengan format tertentu dan dilengkapi dengan header. 7. Mengatur format data dalam bentuk angka, mata uang akuntansi, tanggal, waktu, persentase, bilangan pecahan,bilangan sains, dan teks persis seperti di Excel. 8. Mengatur format teks & dapat menebak tipe data yang dimasukkan secara otomatis. 9. Tersedia dalam berbagai bahasa. 10. Dapat mengimpor file dari format Excel, XML, HTML, CCV, LOTUS 1-2-3, GNU Oleo serta dapat mengekspor fileke format Excel, XML, HTML, LaTeX, Troff, PDF, EPS, DVI, CVS. 11. Dapat menggunakan format file XML. Abacus Abacus adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang hanya membutuhkan memori kecil dan sangat mudah digunakan. Awalnya Abacus dikembangkan sebaggai proyek mahasiswa di Universitas IST, Portugal di bawah bimbingan Prof. Arlindo Oliveira. Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur yang dimilki oleh Abaacus adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Lembaran kerja yang banyak namun jumlahnya dibatasi oleh ketersediaan memori komputer. 2. Fungsi-fungsi standar berbentuk menu. 3. Perintah pengeditan data di sel. 4. Berbagai pemformatan sel. 5. Menyisiipkan,menghapus, serta mengubah ukuran kolom dan baris. 6. Perintah undo dan redo lebih dari satu. 7. Perintah find dan replace. 8. Mengurutkan data dengan berbagai metode. 9. Grafik yang dapat dihapus, dipindah, dan diubah ukurannya. 10. Fasilitas AutoSave. 11. Fasilitas Help. Wingz Wingz adalah progam aplikasi pengolah angka yang dapat dijalankan diberbagai sistem operasi. Perangkat lunak pengolah angka ini dikeluarkan oleh Investment Intelligent. Kelebihan dari Wingz adalah sifatnya yang freeware meski dibatasi hanya untuk penggunaan nonkomersial dan tidak untuk dijual kembali. Wingz juga dilengkapi dengan perangkat alat bantu untuk menganalisis data dinamis dengan fungsi-fungsi lengkap dalam bidang statistic,rekayasa,keuangan dan ditambah dengan keteersedian matriks lembaran kerja yang multiplayer. XESS XESS adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang dibuat oleh AIS (Applied Information System) dan dapat dijalankan dikomputer dengan sistem UNIX, Linux, Open VMS dan Windows. Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur yang dimilki oleh XESS adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Kemampuan untuk mengimpor file dari Excel dan Lotus. 2. Dapat memberikan penaggalan dari tahun 1601 hingga 3999 serta kemampuan untuk menggunakan format tanggal dan waktu yang diatur oleh pengguna. 3. Memiliki sekitar 50 fungsi tambahan. 4. Perintah Undo dan Redo sampai pada beberapa tingkat. 5. Fungsi Search dan Replace. 6. Dapat mengaktifkan beberapa lembaran kerja secara bersamaan. 7. Melakukan pengacuan sel atau selang sel dengan menggunakan lokasi sel atau nama sel. 8. Perintah copy dan paste. 9. Mempunyai fasilitas Help yang sensitif terhadap konteks dengan internal browser HTML. 10. Pengguna dapat mengatur warna. 11. Dapat mengubah format sel,jenis, ukuran dan style huruf. 12. Dapat memutar sel dan mengatur perataan teks di sel dalam arah vertikal. 13. Mendukung karakter internasional 14. Mengatur ukuran kolom dan baris secara otomatis. 15. Mengurut dan menyaring data dengan tetap menjaga keterkaitan sel. 16. Berbagai jenis grafik. Kelemahannya : 1. Harganya sangat mahal,dibanding Excel yang jauh lebih murah. XXL Xxl adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang dikembangkan oleh Universitas Nice dan dapat dijalankan di komputer dengan sistem operasi Unix. Xxl mempunyai tampilan GUI yang sederhana dan mudah digunakan. Kelebihan dari Xxl adalah dilengkapi dengan fungsi-fungsi kompleks yang tidak ada di aplikasi pengolah angka yang lain pada umumnya, karena fungsi-fungsi tersebut memang jarang digunakan oleh pengguna umum. Beberapa kemampuan dan fitur standart yang dimiliki adalah: 1. Dapat menggunakan acuan relatif dan mutlak. 2. Memilki fungsi aritmatika, statistik, logika, waktu dan teks 3. Membuat baris dan kolom dalam jumlah yang tak terbatas 4. Dokumen dapat terdiri dari lembaran kerja dala jumlah yang tak terbatas. 5. Mempunyai perintah Untuk menghapus dan menyisipkan baris dan kolom. 6. Perintah Cut,Copy dan Paste antar aplikasi. 7. Menjalankan perintah Undo. 8. Fasilitas untuk mengidentifikasikan lembaran kerja,seperti judul,penulis,tanggal. 9. Mengurutkan dan menyaring data. 10. Menyembunyikan baris dan kolom. 11. Menampilkan Print Preview dan mencetak. 12. Mengekspor file dalam dokumen ke format postscrip, HTML,LaTeX, dll. 13. Membuat grafik dalam bentuk grafik batang dan garis. Lotus 123 Lotus 123 merupakan aplikasi pengolah angka yang dikeluarkan IBM. Lotus 123 dikeluarkan dalam satu paket bersama-sama aplikasi Office lainya dan dikenal dengan nama Lotus SmartSuite. Aplikasi ini mempunyai kemampuan dan fitur yang lengkap diantaranya yaitu: 1. Kompatibel dengan teks, fungsi, rumus, dan grafik dari Excel. 2. Fungsi-fungsi analisis yang kompatibel dengan Excel. 3. Mengkopi dan memindahkan lembaran kerja. 4. Fasilitas SmartLabel. 5. Automatic SmartFill. 6. Dapat menggunakan baris sampai dengan 65.536 baris. 7. Perintah Copy dan Paste. 8. Ask the Expert. 9. Excel Menu Finder. 10. Data Validation Add-In. 11. AutoSave. Selain fitur-fitur diatas.Lotus 1-2-3 juga dilengkapi kemampuan dan fitur integrasi dengan internet, antara lain sebagai berikut: 1. Web Tables. 2. Hyperlink. 3. HTML Features 4. Publishing Assistant. Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel adalah aplikasi pengolah angka yang dikeluarkan oleh Microsoft Corporation. Perusahaan perangkat lunak terbesar di dunia. Microsoft memiliki fitur-fitur yang memungkinkannya diintegrasikan dengan aplikasi Microsoft Office lainnya. Excel merupakan aplikasi pengilah angka yang paling banyak digunakan. Karena excel dilengkapi dengan kemampuan dan fitur yang tidak dimilki oleh aplikasi pengolah angka yang lain. Beberapa kemampuan dan kelebihan yang dimilikinya adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Dapat menggunakan acuan relatif dan mutlak untuk mengacu ke sel/selang sel tertentu. 2. Memiliki fungsi yang lengkap. 3. Dokumen dapat terdiri dari lembaran kerja dalam jumlah kerja yang banyak. 4. Mempunyai perintah untuk menghapus dan menyisipkan baris dan kolom. 5. Menjalankan perintah Undo dan Redo. 6. Mengurutkan dan menyaring data. 7. Menyembunyikan baris dan kolom. 8. Menampilkan Print Preview dan mencetak. 9. Membuat grafik dalam berbagai bentuk dan kemampuan untuk memformat bagian-bagian grafik. 10. Perintah pengeditan data di sel. 11. Berbagai pemformat sel. 12. Perintah Find dan Replace 13. Fasilitas AutoSave. 14. Fasilitas Help. 15. Menggabung dan membagi sel. 16. Mengimpor data dari database perusahaan. 17. Menggunakan Macro, solver, Add-Ins. 18. Menyimpan file dalam format XML. Microsoft Excel Versi 1.0 dapat dijalankan pada komputer IBM PC dengan Micro Processor 80486. Kemudian Microsoft Excel versi 2.0. Microsoft Excel 2000 yang untuk selanjutnya disingkat Excel 2000 merupakan program aplikasi spreadsheet (lembar kerja elektronik). Excel 2000 merupakan pengembangan dari Microsoft Excel versi sebelumnya dengan tujuan agar program aplikasi spreadsheet (lembar kerja elektronik) ini lebih mudah digunakan dan dapat dimanfaatkan semua fasilitas yang ada pada sistem jaringan baik internet maupun intranet. Tahun 1990 Microsoft Corporation memperkenalkan Microsoft Excel versi 3.0 yang menampilkan window-nya yang tiga dimensi dan mendukung penggunaan memori. Kemudian pada tanggal 6 April 1992, Microsoft Corporation telah mengeluarkan Microsoft Excel 3.1. Pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1995 Microsoft Corporation secara resmi mengeluarkan versi terbarunya dengan nama Microsoft Excel '95 dan diteruskan dengan versi Microsoft Excel '97 serta dalam tahap penyempurnaan akan dikeluarkan pula versi terbarunya yakni Microsoft Excel 2003.

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Mengenal Microsoft Office 2007 Posted by irzhasarir on October 11, 2012 in Uncategorized | ∞ A.SEJARAH SINGKAT MICROSOFT OFFICE Sejarah panjang perjalanan Microsoft Office hingga saat ini, banyak perubahandan penambahan fasilitas sejak pertama kali diluncurkan tanggal 30 Agustus1992. Waktu itu aplikasi perkantoran ini diberi nama Microsoft Office versi3.0. Pada versi tersebut Microsoft Office menyertakan Microsoft Word sebagai pengolah kata, Microsoft Excel sebagai pengolah angka, Microsoft PowerPointdigunakan sebagai aplikasi presentasi yang handal dan Microsoft Maildigunakan untuk menerima dan mengirim email. Setelah populer dengan Microsoft Office 3.0, pada tahun 1995-an Microsoftkembali meluncurkan Microsoft Office 95 bersamaan waktu itu Microsoftmeluncurkan sistem operasi Microsoft Windows 95. Pada sistem operasi iniMicrosoft merombak total Windows versi 3.1 dan Windows 3.11 for Workgroup, perubahan yang cukup signifikan dalam sejarah sistem operasi PCsaat itu. Sejalan dengan pekembangan sistem operasi Microsoft Windows,Microsoft Office sendiri terus berkembang dan semakin mapan dan terusdigandrungi serta digunakan oleh sebagian besar masyarakat komputer didunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Sampai pada tahun 2000-an Microsoft sudah meluncurkan beberapa versiMicrosoft Office dan sampai saat ini masih tetap digunakan sebagai andalanaplikasi perkantoran modern. Beberapa versi dari Microsoft Office yang masih banyak digunakan saat ini antara lain Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft OfficeXP (2002) dan Microsoft Office 2003. Pada kenyataannya sampai saat ini masih banyak kemampuan Microsoft Office2003 masih belum tersentuh oleh pemakainya. Namun sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi dan sistem operasi yang juga terus berkembang, makadiluar dugaan Microsoft kembali meluncurkan Microsoft Office 2007 bersamaan dengan Windows Vista yang akan hadir di tengah-tengah masyarakat komputer dunia. Microsoft Office 2007 adalah versi paling baru dari Microsoft Office bagisistem Windows dan juga merupakan produk dari pabrik raksasa Microsoft.Dahulunya program ini dikenal dengan nama Office 12 dan pernah dikeluarkankurang lebih dua tahun yang lalu tapi masih dalam versi beta. Baru padatanggal 30 Januari 2007 program ini secara resmi diliris oleh Microsoft. Office2007 ini mempunyai fitur yang baru dan tampilan yang sekarang disebutsebagai Fluent User Interface. Kalau pada versi sebelumnya kita biasamenggunakan Menu dan Toolbar maka pada versi 2007 ini keduanya dihapusdan diganti dengan yang lebih canggih. Ada tiga buah fitur yang ada dalamtampilan Office 2007 yang menggantikan menu dan toolbar yaitu TombolMicrosoft Office , Quick Access Toolbar, dan Ribbon. Sebagian pengguna komputer pasti sudah mengenal sebuah rangkaian aplikasi pengolahan data yang disebut Microsoft Office Word. Microsoft Office Word2007 (Office 12.0). Versi ini dirilis tahun 2007. Memiliki fitur baru. Jugaadanya Groove, sebuah aplikasi kolaborasi. Untuk penginstallannyamembutuhkan minimal Windows XP SP 2. Pada tahun 2009 Office ini sudah banyak dipakai sekarang dan mulai menggeser kedudukan Office 2003. 1.Kelebihan Microsoft Office 2007 Banyak sekali fitur-fitur terbaru dari MicrosoftOffice 2007 karena merupakan pengembangandari Microsoft Office 2003 yang sudah terujikemampuan dan kehandalannya sebagai aplikasi perkantoran yang tidak ada duanya. Penampilan Office 2007 sungguh diluar dugaan, pada versiterbarunya ini Microsoft merobak total dan tidak sedikitpun menyisakan penampilan Office yang ada pada versi sebelumnya. Semua tampilannyahampir tidak mencerminkan Microsoft Office yang penuh dengan menudan sub menu yang merepotkan. Memang perintah-perintah yang ada di diOffice 2002 maupun di Office 2003 masih bisa digunakan. Namun kali ini Microsoftmerobak total dan kalau kita ingat hampir sama ketika Microsoft merobak totalWindows 3.1 dan Windows 3.11 ke Windows 95 dan Windows NT. Menurut Junita Leeman, Marketing Manager Microsoft Office Indonesia”Microsoft Office 2007 hadir dengan fasiltas yang disebut dengan Ribbon.Ribbon ini dimaksudkan untuk memudahkan pengguna menggunakansemua features yang ada di Office 2007 dengan one klik hingga waktu pengerjaan bisa dihemat dengan sangat berarti, demikian Junitamenjelasakan salah satu kelebihan Microsoft Office 2007 yang akandiluncurkan tanggal 7 Desember 2006, yang secara general akan lounchingtanggal 14 Februari 2007″. Sedangkan di US sendiri rencananya awaltahun 2007″, katanya. Perubahan yang cukup signifikan dari Office 2007 ini antara lain User Interface. Coba perhatikan perubahan ini terlihat pada Word, Excel, danPowerPoint. Pada aplikasi ini nyaris tidak terlihat menu-menu seperti versisebelumnya. Di sini semua menu diganti dengan penampilan ikon yanginopatif dan informatif. Dengan sedikit menu dan nyaris tidak terlihat sub menu ini akanmemudahkan bagi pemakai. Beberapa Interface yang ada di Office 2007yang dirombak secara total antara lain tombol-tombol menu, sehinggamenu yang terdapat pada Office 2007 lebih transparan dan teratur sehinggamudah penggunaannya. Menu dropdown yang ada pada versi sebelumnya kini hampir tidak ada, pada menu home misalnya, terdapat pilihan Clipboard, Font, Paragraph,Styles, dan Editing. Sedangkan untuk pilihan-pilihan yang tersedia berbentuk horizontal dan menggabungkan teks dan icon sehingga sangatmudah dan tidak perlu masuk dari menu ke sub menu. Pada versi lama Menu File merupakan menu awal yang sangat bergunauntuk melakukan setting awal, seperti untuk menentukan ukuran kertas,menyimpan file, mencetak file dan sebagainya. Pada Office 2007 menutersebut berubah total. Menu File pada sebelumnya kini hadir dengansebuah ikon lingkaran dengan logo Office yang terletak di pojok kiri atas.Ketika pemakai mengkliki ikon tersebut akan tampak pilihan-pilihan New,Open, Convert, Save, Save As, dan lain-lain. Perubahan menu ini berlaku untuk semua keluarga Microsoft Office 2007.Jadi kalau Anda sudah membuka Microsoft Word 2007, maka ketikamasuk ke aplikasi lainnya menu yang ditampilkan relatif hampir sama.Dengan demikian pemakai tidak akan kerepotan karena semua pilihansudah bisa digunakan tanpa harus tersesat. Perubahan menu ini berlaku untuk semua keluarga Microsoft Office 2007.Jadi kalau Anda sudah membuka Microsoft Word 2007, maka ketikamasuk ke aplikasi lainnya menu yang ditampilkan relatif hampir sama.Dengan demikian pemakai tidak akan kerepotan karena semua pilihansudah bisa digunakan tanpa harus tersesat. a.SmartArt Pada Office 2007 terdapat sebuah tools yang cukup menarik bernamaSmartArt. Tools ini terletak di menu insert dan grup pilihanIllustration. Kenapa diberinama SmartArt, karena tools bisadigunakan untuk memperindah pekerjaan dengan menampilkan berbagai macam diagram yang berbentuk graphic, baik dengan tipe2D ataupun 3D. Sedikitnya terdapat 80 template yang bisa digunakanuntuk memperindah pekerjaan Anda. Penampilan PowerPoint juga berubah, dalam hal ini terdapat tools baru bernama Photo Album yang bisa ditemukan pada menu Insertdan grup pilihan Illustration. Dengan pilihan Photo Album ini pemakai bisa leluasa membuat slide presentasi dengan menampilkanfoto-foto yang sudah masukkan ke komputer Anda. b.Format File Sudah diketahui keluarga Microsoft menyediakan berbagai formatfile. Namun pada versi sebelumnya belum terlihat format file PDFyang dibuat oleh Microsoft Office. Bisa namun harus menggunakantambahan aplikasi dari keluarga Adobe Acrobat. Pada Microsoft Office 2007, Microsoft sudah menyertakan fitur baruuntuk menyimpan file dalam berbagai format termasuk format PDFdan XPS. Untuk bisa menggunakannya cukup pilih ikon lingkarankemudian pilih Save As PDF or XPS. Jadi tidak perlu lagimenambahkan aplikasi lain untuk menyimpan file dalam format PDF tersebut. Format file lainnya juga mengalami perubahan, sebagai contoh file berformat Word yang tadinya berakhiran DOC, Microroft Excel berakhir XLS, PowerPoint berakhir.PPT kini berganti dengan DOCXuntuk Word, XLSX untuk Excel dan PPTX untuk PowerPoint. Perubahan yang cukup berarti juga terdapat pada Microsoft Outlook 2007. Di mana Microsoft telah menambahkan sebuah kolom padamain window-nya. Kolom yang tadinya hanya tiga bagian sekarang menjadi empat bagian. Tiga kolom yang sudah ada adalah kolom e-mail, alamat dari e-maildan isi e-mail yang sedang dibuka. Kolom tambahan yang keempatadalah kolom To Do Bar, di mana kolom ini akan menampilkankalender pada saat Outlook tersebut Anda buka yang di dalamnyaakan terdapat appointment dan tasks yang sudah Anda tentukansebelumnya. Microsoft Access 2007 hampir berobah secara total, dimana berbagai penambahan baik interface maupun fitur dan fungsi pendukunglainnya. Ketika Anda mulai membuka aplikasi Access, pertama yangakan terlihat adalah interface yang sama sekali baru, berbeda denganversi Office sebelumnya. Pada window pertama Anda akan berhadapan dengan pilihan berbagaikategori template yang sudah tersedia, baik itu kategori template yangsudah terinstal di dalam komputer Anda maupun kategori templateyang harus di-download terlebih dahulu. Jika Anda ingin membuatdatabase sendiri pilih ka tegori template “Featuring” yang di dalamnyaterdapat satu buah pilihan, yaitu Blank Database. Setelah itu Andatinggal meneruskan untuk membuat database Acces untuk data-dataAnda. Selain itu Microsoft Access 2007 juga mempunyai kemampuanuntuk proses impor dan export data. Selain aplikasi standar tersebut pada Microsoft Office 2007 ini jugadibundel Microsoft Publisher 2007 yang digunakan untuk keperluandesain majalah, buku, dan lain-lain. Hadir juga InfoPath 2007,OneNote 2007, Groove 2007 dan Coomunicator 2007. Aplikasi-aplikasi yang disebutkan terakhir ini merupakan tambahan yang bisadigunakan untuk berbagai keperluan perkantoran modern saat ini. Adapun keunggulan lain yaitu: 1)Dapat menyimpan file dokumen dalam format .doc untuk MicrosoftOffice 1997 – 2003 dan .docx untuk format Microsoft Office 2007. 2)Anda juga bisa posting blog dengan menggunakan Microsoft Officen 2007 ini 3)Fitur-fitur yang sangat menarik. 4)Walaupun memiliki tampilan untuk Windows Vista, namun Microsoft Office 2007 ini juga bisa diinstal pada Windows XP. 5)Dapat menggunakan equation untuk menulis rumus. 6)Dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan kesekretariatan normal. 7)Mudah memformat tulisan. 8)Software ini pun bisa ditambahkan add-on, yaitu aplikasi lain yang bisa support dengan Microsoft Office. Contohnya yaitu Aplikasi Al-Quran dan Math Type (aplikasi matematika). 2.Kekurangan Microsoft Office 2007 a. Lisensi berbayar dan membutuhkan resource yang cukup besar. b. Jika disimpan dengan tipe .docx tidak dapat dibuka pada versi di bawahnya. c. Harus menginstall Adobe Acrobat bila ingin menyimpan dalam format.pdf, tidak bisa dengan save as biasa. d. Jika spesifikasi komputer masih agak rendah, untuk menjalankanMicrosoft Office 2007 agak berat. e. Kinerja yang lebih lambat. f. Antarmuka yang cukup jauh berbeda dengan versi sebelumnya,sehingga malah membingungkan bagi yang belum terbiasa. g. Hanya dapat menyimpan dalam format yang telah ada (default), tidak dapat menyimpan dalam format yang dimiliki open offie (misal .odt). h. Sangat rentan dan rawan terjangkit virus. B.SPESIFIKASI SISTEM Anda akan beralih ke Microsoft Office 2007? Pastikan komputer sudahterpasang minimal Microsoft Windows XP. Aplikasi terbaru keluaranMicrosoft ini akan bekerja dengan hanya pada Microsoft Windows XP danWindows Vista. Jadi untuk persyaratan sistemnya Anda mengikutirequirement kedua sistem operasi tersebut. Namun apabila Anda masihmenggunakan sistem operasi Windows 2000 atau di bawahnya sebaiknyaurungkan niat Anda untuk menginstalasi Microsoft Office 2007. Karena Anda akan kecewa dan aplikasi canggih ini tidak bisa digunakan. Sebagaigambaran berikut ini tampilkan spesifikasi sistem yang diperlukanMicrosoft Office 2007.

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mengenal microsoft office

program aplikasi komputer

Mengenal Jenis-jenis Program Aplikasi Komputer Program aplikasi komputer adalah software atau perangkat lunak komputer yang dibuat untuk melakukan tugas tertentu. Jika sistem operasi komputer (misalnya Windows) berfungsi untuk melakukan operasi dasar, program aplikasi tertentu bisa kita tambahkan (install) untuk melengkapi kemampuan sistem operasi komputer untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang lebih spesifik. Dewasa ini ada banyak sekali program aplikasi komputer. Secara garis besar, jenis aplikasi komputer berdasarkan kegunaan dan contohnya adalah sebagai berikut: Aplikasi Perkantoran atau Office: untuk menunjang tugas administratif perkantoran. Di antaranya Microsoft Office dan OpenOffice. Aplikasi Grafis: untuk mendesain dan mengolah gambar atau foto. Di antaranya adalah aplikasi CorelDraw, GIMP, dan Photoshop. Aplikasi Multimedia: untuk memutar file multimedia. Misalnya aplikasi WinAmp, Windows Media Player, dan QuickTime. Aplikasi Internet: untuk mengakses beragam layanan internet. Di antaranya Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, dan Opera yang semuanya berfungsi untuk menjelajah internet atau browsing. Selain itu ada beberapa software khusus,misalnya mIRC dan Yahoo! Messenger untuk chatting, FileZilla untuk transfer file, dan Outlook untuk mengelola email. Aplikasi Game: aneka aplikasi permainan. Ikon Berbagai Program Aplikasi Komputer Aplikasi Office sendiri biasanya berupa beberapa aplikasi yang dikemas menjadi satu paket. Aplikasi-aplikasi yang dikemas di dalam paket aplikasi Office dan contoh programnya antara lain : Aplikasi Pengolah Kata, contohnya Microsoft Word. Aplikasi Pengolah Angka, contohnya Microsoft Excel. Aplikasi Pengolah Basis Data, contohnya Microsoft Access. Aplikasi Pengolah Presentasi, contohnya Microsoft Powerpoint. Tutorial & tips terkait : aplikasi, komputer, program, software Daftar Merek Komputer PC di Pasaran Indonesia Tips Membeli dan Membandingkan Harga Komputer PC Jenis-jenis Database dan Teknologinya Mengenal Cara Install dan Uninstall Program Aplikasi Komputer Mengenal Apa itu Open Source dan Contohnya Bahasa Pemrograman Web Populer dan Database yang Digunakan Cara Praktis Berlangganan RSS Feed Chatting dengan Software Instant Messaging Pidgin Mengenal Jenis Pemrograman Web Client Side Mengenal Jenis Pemrograman Web Server Side Cara Membuat Template dan Form di Microsoft Word Mengenal Software Pengelola Email Mozilla Thunderbird Mengenal dan Menggunakan Mozilla Firefox - Web Browser Terbaik

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software

Software From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Software (disambiguation). A software engineer programming for the Wikimedia Foundation Computer software, or just software, is any set of machine-readable instructions (most often in the form of a computer program) that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. The term is used to contrast with computer hardware, the physical objects (processor and related devices) that carry out the instructions. Hardware and software require each other; neither has any value without the other. Firmware is software that has been permanently stored in hardware (specifically in non-volatile memory). It thus has qualities of both software and hardware. Software is a general term. It can refer to all computer instructions in general or to any specific set of computer instructions. It is inclusive of both machine instructions (the binary code that the processor understands) and source code (more human-understandable instructions that must be rendered into machine code by compilers or interpreters before being executed). On most computer platforms, software can be grouped into two broad categories: System software is the basic software needed for a computer to operate (most notably the operating system). Application software is all the software that uses the computer system to perform useful work beyond the operation of the computer itself. (A third category, embedded software, resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices dedicated to a single use. In that context there is no clear distinction between the system and application software.) Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the digital electronics or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software "cannot be touched".[1] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.[2] Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler. Contents 1 History 2 Types of software 2.1 System software 2.2 Programming software 3 Software topics 3.1 Architecture 3.2 Execution 3.3 Quality and reliability 3.4 License 3.5 Patents 4 Design and implementation 5 Industry and organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History For the history prior to 1946, see History of computing hardware. Crystal Clear app kedit.svg This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2012) The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem).[3] Colloquially, the term is often used to mean application software. In computer science and software engineering, software is all information processed by computer system, programs and data. The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering. As more and more programs enter the realm of firmware, and the hardware itself becomes smaller, cheaper and faster as predicted by Moore's law, elements of computing first considered to be software, join the ranks of hardware. Most hardware companies today have more software programmers on the payroll than hardware designers[citation needed], since software tools have automated many tasks of Printed circuit board engineers. Just like the Auto industry, the Software industry has grown from a few visionaries operating out of their garage with prototypes. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were the Henry Ford and Louis Chevrolet of their times[citation needed], who capitalized on ideas already commonly known before they started in the business. In the case of Software development, this moment is generally agreed to be the publication in the 1980s of the specifications for the IBM Personal Computer published by IBM employee Philip Don Estridge. Today his move would be seen as a type of crowd-sourcing. Computer hardware companies not only bundled their software, they also placed demands on the location of the hardware in a refrigerated space called a computer room. Until that time, software was bundled with the hardware by Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Data General, Digital Equipment and IBM[citation needed]. When a customer bought a minicomputer, at that time the smallest computer on the market, the computer did not come with Pre-installed software, but needed to be installed by engineers employed by the OEM. Computer hardware companies not only bundled their software, they also placed demands on the location of the hardware in a refrigerated space called a computer room. Most companies had their software on the books for 0 dollars, unable to claim it as an asset (this is similar to financing of popular music in those days). When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own hardware clone. Data General refused to license their software (which was hard to do, since it was on the books as a free asset), and claimed their "bundling rights". The Supreme Court set a precedent called Digidyne v. Data General in 1985. The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.[4] Unable to sustain the loss from lawyer's fees, Data General ended up being taken over by EMC Corporation. The Supreme Court decision made it possible to value software, and also purchase Software patents. There are many successful companies today that sell only software products, though there are still many common software licensing problems due to the complexity of designs and poor documentation, leading to patent trolls. With open software specifications and the possibility of software licensing, new opportunities arose for software tools that then became the de facto standard, such as DOS for operating systems, but also various proprietary word processing and spreadsheet programs. In a similar growth pattern, proprietary development methods became standard Software development methodology. Types of software A layer structure showing where the operating system software and application software are situated while running on a typical desktop computer Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration. The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics. Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes[citation needed]: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred. System software Main article: System software System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for running application software.[5] System software includes device drivers, operating systems, servers, utilities, and window systems. System software is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware components, so that they can work together harmoniously. Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner. Programming software Main article: Programming tool Programming software include tools in the form of programs or applications that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs such as compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors, that can be combined together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools to fix a physical object. Programming tools are intended to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and they may be combined in an integrated development environment (IDE) to more easily manage all of these functions. Software topics Architecture See also: Software architecture Users often see things differently than programmers. People who use modern general purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers and supercomputers) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software. Platform software: Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user interface which, in total, allow a user to interact with the computer and its peripherals (associated equipment). Platform software often comes bundled with the computer. On a PC you will usually have the ability to change the platform software. Application software: Application software or Applications are what most people think of when they think of software. Typical examples include office suites and video games. Application software is often purchased separately from computer hardware. Sometimes applications are bundled with the computer, but that does not change the fact that they run as independent applications. Applications are usually independent programs from the operating system, though they are often tailored for specific platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other "system software" as applications. User-written software: End-user development tailors systems to meet users' specific needs. User software include spreadsheet templates and word processor templates. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into default application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the original packages, and what has been added by co-workers. Execution Main article: Execution (computing) Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as the hard drive or memory). Once the software has loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation – moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions. Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together. Quality and reliability Main articles: Software quality, Software testing, and Software reliability Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and system software like Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows and Linux. If software is faulty (buggy), it can delete a person's work, crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and errors are called "bugs." Many bugs are discovered and eliminated (debugged) through software testing. However, software testing rarely – if ever – eliminates every bug; some programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug" (Lubarsky's Law). All major software companies, such as Microsoft, Novell and Sun Microsystems, have their own software testing departments with the specific goal of just testing. Software can be tested through unit testing, regression testing and other methods, which are done manually, or most commonly, automatically, since the amount of code to be tested can be quite large. For instance, NASA has extremely rigorous software testing procedures for many operating systems and communication functions. Many NASA based operations interact and identify each other through command programs called software. This enables many people who work at NASA to check and evaluate functional systems overall. Programs containing command software enable hardware engineering and system operations to function much easier together. License Main article: Software license The software's license gives the user the right to use the software in the licensed environment. Some software comes with the license when purchased off the shelf, or an OEM license when bundled with hardware. Other software comes with a free software license, granting the recipient the rights to modify and redistribute the software. Software can also be in the form of freeware or shareware. Patents Main articles: Software patent and Software patent debate Software can be patented in some but not all countries; however, software patents can be controversial in the software industry with many people holding different views about it. The controversy over software patents is about specific algorithms or techniques that the software contains, which may not be duplicated by others and considered intellectual property and copyright infringement depending on the severity. Design and implementation A particular implementation of software. This software was created to assist the Wikipedia website. Also, it does not use a graphical user interface aside from a simple console window. Main articles: Software development, Computer programming, and Software engineering Design and implementation of software varies depending on the complexity of the software. For instance, design and creation of Microsoft Word software will take much more time than designing and developing Microsoft Notepad because of the difference in functionalities in each one. Software is usually designed and created (coded/written/programmed) in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, Emacs and Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the program. As noted in different section, software is usually created on top of existing software and the application programming interface (API) that the underlying software provides like GTK+, JavaBeans or Swing. Libraries (APIs) are categorized for different purposes. For instance, JavaBeans library is used for designing enterprise applications, Windows Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI) applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication Foundation is used for designing web services. Underlying computer programming concepts like quicksort, hash table, array, and binary tree can be useful to creating software. When a program is designed, it relies on the API. For instance, if a user is designing a Microsoft Windows desktop application, he/she might use the .NET Windows Forms library to design the desktop application and call its APIs like Form1.Close() and Form1.Show()[6] to close or open the application and write the additional operations him/herself that it need to have. Without these APIs, the programmer needs to write these APIs him/herself. Companies like Sun Microsystems, Novell, and Microsoft provide their own APIs so that many applications are written using their software libraries that usually have numerous APIs in them. Computer software has special economic characteristics that make its design, creation, and distribution different from most other economic goods.[specify][7][8] A person who creates software is called a programmer, software engineer, software developer, or "code monkey", terms that all have a similar meaning. Industry and organizations Main article: Software industry A great variety of software companies and programmers in the world comprise a software industry. Software can be quite a profitable industry: Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft was the richest person in the world in 2009 largely by selling the Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office software products. The same goes for Larry Ellison, largely through his Oracle database software. Through time the software industry has become increasingly specialized. Non-profit software organizations include the Free Software Foundation, GNU Project and Mozilla Foundation. Software standard organizations like the W3C, IETF develop software standards so that most software can interoperate through standards such as XML, HTML, HTTP or FTP. Other well-known large software companies include Novell, SAP, Symantec, Adobe Systems, and Corel, while small companies often provide innovation.

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sistem operasi

Sistem operasi Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Langsung ke: navigasi, cari Broom icon.svg Artikel bertopik teknologi informasi ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia Merapikan artikel bisa berupa membagi artikel ke dalam paragraf atau wikifikasi artikel. Setelah dirapikan, tolong hapus pesan ini. Sistem operasi Operating system placement-id.svg Fitur umum Proses manajemen Interupsi Manajemen memori Sistem berkas Pemacu peranti Jaringan (TCP/IP, UDP) Keamanan (Proses/Memori perlindungan) I/O l • b • s Sistem operasi (bahasa Inggris: operating system ; OS) adalah seperangkat program yang mengelola sumber daya perangkat keras komputer, dan menyediakan layanan umum untuk aplikasi perangkat lunak. Sistem operasi adalah jenis yang paling penting dari perangkat lunak sistem dalam sistem komputer. Tanpa sistem operasi, pengguna tidak dapat menjalankan program aplikasi pada komputer mereka, kecuali program aplikasi booting. Sistem operasi mempunyai penjadwalan yang sistematis mencakup perhitungan penggunaan memori, pemrosesan data, penyimpanan data, dan sumber daya lainnya. Untuk fungsi-fungsi perangkat keras seperti sebagai masukan dan keluaran dan alokasi memori, sistem operasi bertindak sebagai perantara antara program aplikasi dan perangkat keras komputer,[1][2] meskipun kode aplikasi biasanya dieksekusi langsung oleh perangkat keras dan seringkali akan menghubungi OS atau terputus oleh itu. Sistem operasi yang ditemukan pada hampir semua perangkat yang berisi komputer-dari ponsel dan konsol permainan video untuk superkomputer dan server web. Contoh sistem operasi modern adalah Linux, Android, iOS, Mac OS X, dan Microsoft Windows.[3] Daftar isi 1 Pendahuluan 2 Layanan inti umum 3 Sistem Operasi saat ini 4 Proses 4.1 Status Proses 5 Lihat pula 6 Referensi 7 Pranala luar Pendahuluan Biasanya, istilah Sistem Operasi sering ditujukan kepada semua perangkat lunak yang masuk dalam satu paket dengan sistem komputer sebelum aplikasi-aplikasi perangkat lunak terinstal. Sistem operasi adalah perangkat lunak sistem yang bertugas untuk melakukan kontrol dan manajemen perangkat keras serta operasi-operasi dasar sistem, termasuk menjalankan perangkat lunak aplikasi seperti program-program pengolah kata dan peramban web. Secara umum, Sistem Operasi adalah perangkat lunak pada lapisan pertama yang ditempatkan pada memori komputer pada saat komputer dinyalakan booting. Sedangkan software-software lainnya dijalankan setelah Sistem Operasi berjalan, dan Sistem Operasi akan melakukan layanan inti untuk software-software itu. Layanan inti tersebut seperti akses ke disk, manajemen memori, penjadwalan tugas schedule task, dan antar-muka user GUI/CLI. Sehingga masing-masing software tidak perlu lagi melakukan tugas-tugas inti umum tersebut, karena dapat dilayani dan dilakukan oleh Sistem Operasi. Bagian kode yang melakukan tugas-tugas inti dan umum tersebut dinamakan dengan "kernel" suatu Sistem Operasi. Kalau sistem komputer terbagi dalam lapisan-lapisan, maka Sistem Operasi adalah penghubung antara lapisan hardware dengan lapisan software. Sistem Operasi melakukan semua tugas-tugas penting dalam komputer, dan menjamin aplikasi-aplikasi yang berbeda dapat berjalan secara bersamaan dengan lancar. Sistem Operasi menjamin aplikasi lainnya dapat menggunakan memori, melakukan input dan output terhadap peralatan lain, dan memiliki akses kepada sistem berkas. Apabila beberapa aplikasi berjalan secara bersamaan, maka Sistem Operasi mengatur schedule yang tepat, sehingga sedapat mungkin semua proses yang berjalan mendapatkan waktu yang cukup untuk menggunakan prosesor (CPU) serta tidak saling mengganggu. Dalam banyak kasus, Sistem Operasi menyediakan suatu pustaka dari fungsi-fungsi standar, dimana aplikasi lain dapat memanggil fungsi-fungsi itu, sehingga dalam setiap pembuatan program baru, tidak perlu membuat fungsi-fungsi tersebut dari awal. Sistem Operasi secara umum terdiri dari beberapa bagian: Mekanisme Boot, yaitu meletakkan kernel ke dalam memory Kernel, yaitu inti dari sebuah Sistem Operasi Command Interpreter atau shell, yang bertugas membaca input dari pengguna Pustaka-pustaka, yaitu yang menyediakan kumpulan fungsi dasar dan standar yang dapat dipanggil oleh aplikasi lain Driver untuk berinteraksi dengan hardware eksternal, sekaligus untuk mengontrolnya. Sebagian Sistem Operasi hanya mengizinkan satu aplikasi saja yang berjalan pada satu waktu (misalnya DOS), tetapi sebagian besar Sistem Operasi baru mengizinkan beberapa aplikasi berjalan secara simultan pada waktu yang bersamaan. Sistem Operasi seperti ini disebut sebagai Multi-tasking Operating System (misalnya keluarga sistem operasi UNIX). Beberapa Sistem Operasi berukuran sangat besar dan kompleks, serta inputnya tergantung kepada input pengguna, sedangkan Sistem Operasi lainnya sangat kecil dan dibuat dengan asumsi bekerja tanpa intervensi manusia sama sekali. Tipe yang pertama sering disebut sebagai Desktop OS, sedangkan tipe kedua adalah Real-Time OS, contohnya adalah Windows, Linux, Free BSD, Solaris, palm, symbian, dan sebagainya. Layanan inti umum Seiring dengan berkembangnya Sistem Operasi, semakin banyak lagi layanan yang menjadi layanan inti umum. Kini, sebuah OS mungkin perlu menyediakan layanan jaringan dan koneksi internet, yang dulunya tidak menjadi layanan inti umum. Sistem Operasi juga perlu untuk menjaga kerusakan sistem komputer dari gangguan program perusak yang berasal dari komputer lainnya, seperti virus. Daftar layanan inti umum akan terus bertambah. Program saling berkomunikasi antara satu dengan lainnya dengan Antarmuka Pemrograman Aplikasi, Application Programming Interface atau disingkat dengan API. Dengan API inilah program aplikasi dapat berkomunikasi dengan Sistem Operasi. Sebagaimana manusia berkomunikasi dengan komputer melalui Antarmuka User, program juga berkomunikasi dengan program lainnya melalui API. Walaupun demikian API sebuah komputer tidaklah berpengaruh sepenuhnya pada program-program yang dijalankan diatas platform operasi tersebut. Contohnya bila program yang dibuat untuk windows 3.1 bila dijalankan pada windows 95 dan generasi setelahnya akan terlihat perbedaan yang mencolok antara program tersebut dengan program yang lain. Sistem Operasi saat ini Sistem operasi-sistem operasi utama yang digunakan komputer umum (termasuk PC, komputer personal) terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok besar: Keluarga Microsoft Windows - yang antara lain terdiri dari Windows Desktop Environment (versi 1.x hingga versi 3.x), Windows 9x (Windows 95, 98, dan Windows ME), dan Windows NT (Windows NT 3.x, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 (Seven) yang dirilis pada tahun 2009, dan Windows 8 yang dirilis pada Oktober 2012)). Keluarga Unix yang menggunakan antarmuka sistem operasi POSIX, seperti SCO UNIX, keluarga BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), GNU/Linux, MacOS/X (berbasis kernel BSD yang dimodifikasi, dan dikenal dengan nama Darwin) dan GNU/Hurd. Mac OS, adalah sistem operasi untuk komputer keluaran Apple yang biasa disebut Mac atau Macintosh. Sistem operasi yang terbaru adalah Mac OS X versi 10.6 (Snow Leopard). Musim panas 2011 direncanakan peluncuran versi 10.7 (Lion). Sedangkan komputer Mainframe, dan Super komputer menggunakan banyak sekali sistem operasi yang berbeda-beda, umumnya merupakan turunan dari sistem operasi UNIX yang dikembangkan oleh vendor seperti IBM AIX, HP/UX, dll. Proses Prosesor mengeksekusi program-program komputer. Prosesor adalah sebuah chip dalam sistem komputer yang menjalankan instruksi-instruksi program komputer. Dalam setiap detiknya prosesor dapat menjalankan jutaan instruksi. Program adalah sederetan instruksi yang diberikan kepada suatu komputer. Sedangkan proses adalah suatu bagian dari program yang berada pada status tertentu dalam rangkaian eksekusinya. Di dalam bahasan Sistem Operasi, kita lebih sering membahas proses dibandingkan dengan program. Pada Sistem Operasi modern, pada saat tertentu tidak seluruh program dimuat dalam memori, tetapi hanya satu bagian saja dari program tersebut. Sedangkan bagian lain dari program tersebut tetap beristirahat di media penyimpan disk. Hanya pada saat dibutuhkan saja, bagian dari program tersebut dimuat di memori dan dieksekusi oleh prosesor. Hal ini sangat menghemat pemakaian memori. Beberapa sistem hanya menjalankan satu proses tunggal dalam satu waktu, sedangkan yang lainnya menjalankan multi-proses dalam satu waktu. Padahal sebagian besar sistem komputer hanya memiliki satu prosesor, dan sebuah prosesor hanya dapat menjalankan satu instruksi dalam satu waktu. Maka bagaimana sebuah sistem prosesor tunggal dapat menjalankan multi-proses? Sesungguhnya pada granularity yang sangat kecil, prosesor hanya menjalankan satu proses dalam satu waktu, kemudian secara cepat ia berpindah menjalankan proses lainnya, dan seterusnya. Sehingga bagi penglihatan dan perasaan pengguna manusia, seakan-akan prosesor menjalankan beberapa proses secara bersamaan. Setiap proses dalam sebuah sistem operasi mendapatkan sebuah PCB (Process Control Block) yang memuat informasi tentang proses tersebut, yaitu: sebuah tanda pengenal proses (Process ID) yang unik dan menjadi nomor identitas, status proses, prioritas eksekusi proses dan informasi lokasi proses dalam memori. Prioritas proses merupakan suatu nilai atau besaran yang menunjukkan seberapa sering proses harus dijalankan oleh prosesor. Proses yang memiliki prioritas lebih tinggi, akan dijalankan lebih sering atau dieksekusi lebih dulu dibandingkan dengan proses yang berprioritas lebih rendah. Suatu sistem operasi dapat saja menentukan semua proses dengan prioritas yang sama, sehingga setiap proses memiliki kesempatan yang sama. Suatu sistem operasi dapat juga mengubah nilai prioritas proses tertentu, agar proses tersebut akan dapat memiliki kesempatan lebih besar pada eksekusi berikutnya (misalnya: pada proses yang sudah sangat terlalu lama menunggu eksekusi, sistem operasi menaikkan nilai prioritasnya). Status Proses Jenis status yang mungkin dapat disematkan pada suatu proses pada setiap sistem operasi dapat berbeda-beda. Tetapi paling tidak ada 3 macam status yang umum, yaitu: Ready, yaitu status dimana proses siap untuk dieksekusi pada giliran berikutnya Running, yaitu status dimana saat ini proses sedang dieksekusi oleh prosesor Blocked, yaitu status dimana proses tidak dapat dijalankan pada saat prosesor siap/bebas

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Rabu, 20 Maret 2013

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